The Torah · Old Testament
Genesis 49
Jacob addresses his twelve sons and gives his burial instructions
General context
Jacob gathers his sons to speak about what lies ahead. He rebukes Reuben for defiling his bed and condemns Simeon and Levi's violence, cursing their anger and declaring their scattering. Judah receives imagery of a lion, authority and abundance. Zebulun is associated with the sea and ships; Issachar with a strong donkey accepting a burden; Dan with judgment and a serpent that brings down a rider. An appeal for the Lord's salvation interrupts the sequence. Gad is promised a reversal against attackers, Asher rich food, and Naphtali is pictured as a released deer. In the King James wording cited here, Joseph is a fruitful branch by a spring, attacked yet strengthened by the mighty God of Jacob and given abundant blessings. Benjamin is pictured as a wolf dividing prey. The narrator calls these the twelve tribes and describes Jacob as blessing each. Jacob then orders burial in the Machpelah cave in Canaan, where Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebekah, and Leah are buried. After finishing his instructions, he draws his feet into the bed and dies.
Cited passages: Genesis 49:1, Genesis 49:2, Genesis 49:3, Genesis 49:4, Genesis 49:5, Genesis 49:6, Genesis 49:7, Genesis 49:8, Genesis 49:9, Genesis 49:10, Genesis 49:11, Genesis 49:12, Genesis 49:13, Genesis 49:14, Genesis 49:15, Genesis 49:16, Genesis 49:17, Genesis 49:18, Genesis 49:19, Genesis 49:20, Genesis 49:21, Genesis 49:22, Genesis 49:23, Genesis 49:24, Genesis 49:25, Genesis 49:26, Genesis 49:27, Genesis 49:28, Genesis 49:29, Genesis 49:30, Genesis 49:31, Genesis 49:32, Genesis 49:33
Genesis 49 (KJV)
1And Jacob called unto his sons, and said, Gather yourselves together, that I may tell you that which shall befall you in the last days.
2Gather yourselves together, and hear, ye sons of Jacob; and hearken unto Israel your father.
3Reuben, thou art my firstborn, my might, and the beginning of my strength, the excellency of dignity, and the excellency of power:
4Unstable as water, thou shalt not excel; because thou wentest up to thy father’s bed; then defiledst thou it: he went up to my couch.
5Simeon and Levi are brethren; instruments of cruelty are in their habitations.
6O my soul, come not thou into their secret; unto their assembly, mine honour, be not thou united: for in their anger they slew a man, and in their selfwill they digged down a wall.
7Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce; and their wrath, for it was cruel: I will divide them in Jacob, and scatter them in Israel.
8Judah, thou art he whom thy brethren shall praise: thy hand shall be in the neck of thine enemies; thy father’s children shall bow down before thee.
9Judah is a lion’s whelp: from the prey, my son, thou art gone up: he stooped down, he couched as a lion, and as an old lion; who shall rouse him up?
10The sceptre shall not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, until Shiloh come; and unto him shall the gathering of the people be.
11Binding his foal unto the vine, and his ass’s colt unto the choice vine; he washed his garments in wine, and his clothes in the blood of grapes:
12His eyes shall be red with wine, and his teeth white with milk.
13Zebulun shall dwell at the haven of the sea; and he shall be for an haven of ships; and his border shall be unto Zidon.
14Issachar is a strong ass couching down between two burdens:
15And he saw that rest was good, and the land that it was pleasant; and bowed his shoulder to bear, and became a servant unto tribute.
16Dan shall judge his people, as one of the tribes of Israel.
17Dan shall be a serpent by the way, an adder in the path, that biteth the horse heels, so that his rider shall fall backward.
18I have waited for thy salvation, O Lord.
19Gad, a troop shall overcome him: but he shall overcome at the last.
20Out of Asher his bread shall be fat, and he shall yield royal dainties.
21Naphtali is a hind let loose: he giveth goodly words.
22Joseph is a fruitful bough, even a fruitful bough by a well; whose branches run over the wall:
23The archers have sorely grieved him, and shot at him, and hated him:
24But his bow abode in strength, and the arms of his hands were made strong by the hands of the mighty God of Jacob; (from thence is the shepherd, the stone of Israel:)
25Even by the God of thy father, who shall help thee; and by the Almighty, who shall bless thee with blessings of heaven above, blessings of the deep that lieth under, blessings of the breasts, and of the womb:
26The blessings of thy father have prevailed above the blessings of my progenitors unto the utmost bound of the everlasting hills: they shall be on the head of Joseph, and on the crown of the head of him that was separate from his brethren.
27Benjamin shall ravin as a wolf: in the morning he shall devour the prey, and at night he shall divide the spoil.
28All these are the twelve tribes of Israel: and this is it that their father spake unto them, and blessed them; every one according to his blessing he blessed them.
29And he charged them, and said unto them, I am to be gathered unto my people: bury me with my fathers in the cave that is in the field of Ephron the Hittite,
30In the cave that is in the field of Machpelah, which is before Mamre, in the land of Canaan, which Abraham bought with the field of Ephron the Hittite for a possession of a buryingplace.
31There they buried Abraham and Sarah his wife; there they buried Isaac and Rebekah his wife; and there I buried Leah.
32The purchase of the field and of the cave that is therein was from the children of Heth.
33And when Jacob had made an end of commanding his sons, he gathered up his feet into the bed, and yielded up the ghost, and was gathered unto his people.
This page shows the King James Version. In the app, reading opens in the Berean Standard Bible unless you have chosen another translation. The reader includes five translations: the Berean Standard Bible (BSB), the King James Version (KJV), the World English Bible (WEB), the Bible in Basic English (BBE), and the American Standard Version (ASV). Search covers three of them: Berean Standard, King James, and World English. Basic English and American Standard readers search the King James words.
Historical context
The gathering is presented as Jacob's address to his sons, whom the narrator also identifies as Israel's twelve tribes. The words anticipate their future and use animal, agricultural and military images. They do not supply a dated account of later tribal events. Judah's authority passage includes the wording 'until Shiloh come' in the cited King James text; this guide leaves the phrase's referent unresolved. The rebukes and promises belong to Jacob's speech. His burial instructions locate the cave before Mamre in Canaan and recall Abraham's purchase from Ephron the Hittite. Jacob explicitly says he buried Leah there. His death follows the completed instructions.
Cited passages: Genesis 49:1, Genesis 49:2, Genesis 49:3, Genesis 49:4, Genesis 49:5, Genesis 49:6, Genesis 49:7, Genesis 49:8, Genesis 49:9, Genesis 49:10, Genesis 49:11, Genesis 49:12, Genesis 49:13, Genesis 49:14, Genesis 49:15, Genesis 49:16, Genesis 49:17, Genesis 49:18, Genesis 49:19, Genesis 49:20, Genesis 49:21, Genesis 49:22, Genesis 49:23, Genesis 49:24, Genesis 49:25, Genesis 49:26, Genesis 49:27, Genesis 49:28, Genesis 49:29, Genesis 49:30, Genesis 49:31, Genesis 49:32, Genesis 49:33
Literary context
The sequence gives the sons sharply different words rather than uniform praise. Reuben's firstborn status is followed by rebuke, and Simeon and Levi's anger is condemned. The longer passages for Judah and Joseph stand among shorter images for the other sons. Animal comparisons place strength beside danger, while food and fertility images anticipate abundance. The brief appeal for salvation pauses the addresses before they resume. The narrator's description of the whole as blessing includes these difficult words. The closing prose turns from the sons' future to Jacob's own burial and death.
Cited passages: Genesis 49:1, Genesis 49:2, Genesis 49:3, Genesis 49:4, Genesis 49:5, Genesis 49:6, Genesis 49:7, Genesis 49:8, Genesis 49:9, Genesis 49:10, Genesis 49:11, Genesis 49:12, Genesis 49:13, Genesis 49:14, Genesis 49:15, Genesis 49:16, Genesis 49:17, Genesis 49:18, Genesis 49:19, Genesis 49:20, Genesis 49:21, Genesis 49:22, Genesis 49:23, Genesis 49:24, Genesis 49:25, Genesis 49:26, Genesis 49:27, Genesis 49:28, Genesis 49:29, Genesis 49:30, Genesis 49:31, Genesis 49:32, Genesis 49:33
Key moments
- Jacob condemns violent anger (Genesis 49:7). Jacob curses Simeon and Levi's anger and says he will divide and scatter them in Israel.
- An appeal for salvation (Genesis 49:18). The address pauses with an appeal to the Lord for salvation.
- Jacob names the family burial place (Genesis 49:31). He names Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebekah, and Leah as already buried there.
- Jacob dies after giving his instructions (Genesis 49:33). Jacob finishes speaking to his sons, draws his feet into the bed and dies.
For reflection
How do the rebukes and the appeal for salvation affect your reading of the chapter as a blessing?
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