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The Histories · Old Testament

2 Chronicles 20

2 Chronicles 20: Jehoshaphat's prayer and the valley of Berachah

General context

Moab, Ammon and others come against Jehoshaphat, and messengers report a great multitude at Hazazon-tamar, which is En-gedi. The king fears, seeks the Lord and proclaims a fast, and Judah gathers from every city. Standing in the house of the Lord before the new court, he prays: God rules all kingdoms, gave the land to Abraham's seed, and promised to hear those who cry at this house; now Ammon, Moab and mount Seir, whom Israel once spared, come to cast Judah out; Judah has no might and does not know what to do. All Judah stands there with wives and children. The Spirit of the Lord comes on Jahaziel, a Levite of the sons of Asaph, who says the battle is God's; they are to go down by the cliff of Ziz, stand still and see the salvation of the Lord. The king and people bow, and Levites praise aloud. In the morning at Tekoa Jehoshaphat calls them to believe the Lord and his prophets and sends singers ahead of the army. When they sing, the Lord sets ambushes; Ammon and Moab destroy Seir and then each other, and Judah finds only bodies. Spoil takes three days, and on the fourth they bless the Lord in the valley named Berachah, then return to Jerusalem with instruments. Fear of God falls on the surrounding kingdoms and the realm is quiet. A reign summary follows: thirty-five at accession, twenty-five years, mother Azubah, walking in Asa's way, though the high places remain. Afterwards he joins Ahaziah king of Israel to build ships at Ezion-geber; Eliezer prophesies against it, and the ships are broken.

Cited passages: 2 Chronicles 20:1, 2 Chronicles 20:2, 2 Chronicles 20:3, 2 Chronicles 20:4, 2 Chronicles 20:5, 2 Chronicles 20:6, 2 Chronicles 20:7, 2 Chronicles 20:9, 2 Chronicles 20:10, 2 Chronicles 20:11, 2 Chronicles 20:12, 2 Chronicles 20:13, 2 Chronicles 20:14, 2 Chronicles 20:15, 2 Chronicles 20:16, 2 Chronicles 20:17, 2 Chronicles 20:18, 2 Chronicles 20:19, 2 Chronicles 20:20, 2 Chronicles 20:21, 2 Chronicles 20:22, 2 Chronicles 20:23, 2 Chronicles 20:24, 2 Chronicles 20:25, 2 Chronicles 20:26, 2 Chronicles 20:28, 2 Chronicles 20:29, 2 Chronicles 20:30, 2 Chronicles 20:31, 2 Chronicles 20:33, 2 Chronicles 20:36, 2 Chronicles 20:37

2 Chronicles 20 (KJV)

1It came to pass after this also, that the children of Moab, and the children of Ammon, and with them other beside the Ammonites, came against Jehoshaphat to battle.

2Then there came some that told Jehoshaphat, saying, There cometh a great multitude against thee from beyond the sea on this side Syria; and, behold, they be in Hazazon-tamar, which is En-gedi.

3And Jehoshaphat feared, and set himself to seek the Lord, and proclaimed a fast throughout all Judah.

4And Judah gathered themselves together, to ask help of the Lord: even out of all the cities of Judah they came to seek the Lord.

5And Jehoshaphat stood in the congregation of Judah and Jerusalem, in the house of the Lord, before the new court,

6And said, O Lord God of our fathers, art not thou God in heaven? and rulest not thou over all the kingdoms of the heathen? and in thine hand is there not power and might, so that none is able to withstand thee?

7Art not thou our God, who didst drive out the inhabitants of this land before thy people Israel, and gavest it to the seed of Abraham thy friend for ever?

8And they dwelt therein, and have built thee a sanctuary therein for thy name, saying,

9If, when evil cometh upon us, as the sword, judgment, or pestilence, or famine, we stand before this house, and in thy presence, (for thy name is in this house,) and cry unto thee in our affliction, then thou wilt hear and help.

10And now, behold, the children of Ammon and Moab and mount Seir, whom thou wouldest not let Israel invade, when they came out of the land of Egypt, but they turned from them, and destroyed them not;

11Behold, I say, how they reward us, to come to cast us out of thy possession, which thou hast given us to inherit.

12O our God, wilt thou not judge them? for we have no might against this great company that cometh against us; neither know we what to do: but our eyes are upon thee.

13And all Judah stood before the Lord, with their little ones, their wives, and their children.

14Then upon Jahaziel the son of Zechariah, the son of Benaiah, the son of Jeiel, the son of Mattaniah, a Levite of the sons of Asaph, came the Spirit of the Lord in the midst of the congregation;

15And he said, Hearken ye, all Judah, and ye inhabitants of Jerusalem, and thou king Jehoshaphat, Thus saith the Lord unto you, Be not afraid nor dismayed by reason of this great multitude; for the battle is not yours, but God’s.

16To morrow go ye down against them: behold, they come up by the cliff of Ziz; and ye shall find them at the end of the brook, before the wilderness of Jeruel.

17Ye shall not need to fight in this battle: set yourselves, stand ye still, and see the salvation of the Lord with you, O Judah and Jerusalem: fear not, nor be dismayed; to morrow go out against them: for the Lord will be with you.

18And Jehoshaphat bowed his head with his face to the ground: and all Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem fell before the Lord, worshipping the Lord.

19And the Levites, of the children of the Kohathites, and of the children of the Korhites, stood up to praise the Lord God of Israel with a loud voice on high.

20And they rose early in the morning, and went forth into the wilderness of Tekoa: and as they went forth, Jehoshaphat stood and said, Hear me, O Judah, and ye inhabitants of Jerusalem; Believe in the Lord your God, so shall ye be established; believe his prophets, so shall ye prosper.

21And when he had consulted with the people, he appointed singers unto the Lord, and that should praise the beauty of holiness, as they went out before the army, and to say, Praise the Lord; for his mercy endureth for ever.

22And when they began to sing and to praise, the Lord set ambushments against the children of Ammon, Moab, and mount Seir, which were come against Judah; and they were smitten.

23For the children of Ammon and Moab stood up against the inhabitants of mount Seir, utterly to slay and destroy them: and when they had made an end of the inhabitants of Seir, every one helped to destroy another.

24And when Judah came toward the watch tower in the wilderness, they looked unto the multitude, and, behold, they were dead bodies fallen to the earth, and none escaped.

25And when Jehoshaphat and his people came to take away the spoil of them, they found among them in abundance both riches with the dead bodies, and precious jewels, which they stripped off for themselves, more than they could carry away: and they were three days in gathering of the spoil, it was so much.

26And on the fourth day they assembled themselves in the valley of Berachah; for there they blessed the Lord: therefore the name of the same place was called, The valley of Berachah, unto this day.

27Then they returned, every man of Judah and Jerusalem, and Jehoshaphat in the forefront of them, to go again to Jerusalem with joy; for the Lord had made them to rejoice over their enemies.

28And they came to Jerusalem with psalteries and harps and trumpets unto the house of the Lord.

29And the fear of God was on all the kingdoms of those countries, when they had heard that the Lord fought against the enemies of Israel.

30So the realm of Jehoshaphat was quiet: for his God gave him rest round about.

31And Jehoshaphat reigned over Judah: he was thirty and five years old when he began to reign, and he reigned twenty and five years in Jerusalem. And his mother’s name was Azubah the daughter of Shilhi.

32And he walked in the way of Asa his father, and departed not from it, doing that which was right in the sight of the Lord.

33Howbeit the high places were not taken away: for as yet the people had not prepared their hearts unto the God of their fathers.

34Now the rest of the acts of Jehoshaphat, first and last, behold, they are written in the book of Jehu the son of Hanani, who is mentioned in the book of the kings of Israel.

35And after this did Jehoshaphat king of Judah join himself with Ahaziah king of Israel, who did very wickedly:

36And he joined himself with him to make ships to go to Tarshish: and they made the ships in Ezion-geber.

37Then Eliezer the son of Dodavah of Mareshah prophesied against Jehoshaphat, saying, Because thou hast joined thyself with Ahaziah, the Lord hath broken thy works. And the ships were broken, that they were not able to go to Tarshish.

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Historical context

The enemy is named differently at different points: Moab and Ammon with unnamed others at the start, and Ammon, Moab and mount Seir in the prayer and in the account of the fighting. The messengers place them beyond the sea on the side of Syria and at Hazazon-tamar, which the text glosses as En-gedi; later markers are the cliff of Ziz, the brook before the wilderness of Jeruel, the wilderness of Tekoa, a watch tower and the valley of Berachah, which the narrator says keeps that name to his own day. Jahaziel is given a four-generation line ending in Asaph. The narrator attributes the outcome to the Lord setting ambushes and then explains it as the enemies turning on one another, first against Seir and then against each other; Judah does not fight. The regnal summary is placed after the battle rather than at the start of the reign, and it states that the high places were not taken away, while the previous chapter credited the king with taking away the groves; the two statements concern different objects and the text does not relate them. The Ahaziah here is king of Israel and is a different man from Ahaziah king of Judah, Jehoshaphat's grandson. The ships are built at Ezion-geber for Tarshish, and the prophecy of Eliezer attributes their breaking to the Lord. No dates are given beyond after this, and the chapter does not say how long the quiet lasted.

Cited passages: 2 Chronicles 20:1, 2 Chronicles 20:10, 2 Chronicles 20:2, 2 Chronicles 20:16, 2 Chronicles 20:26, 2 Chronicles 20:14, 2 Chronicles 20:22, 2 Chronicles 20:23, 2 Chronicles 20:17, 2 Chronicles 20:33, 2 Chronicles 19:3, 2 Chronicles 20:35, 2 Chronicles 22:1, 2 Chronicles 20:37

Literary context

The prayer is built from questions that answer themselves, then a remembered promise about crying out at the house, then a complaint that the peoples Israel once spared now come to drive Judah out, and finally an admission of having no might and no plan. The king's fear at the start is answered by the prophet's double command not to be afraid, and the sentence that the battle belongs to God reverses the whole expectation of the chapter. Praise frames the action: Levites praise before the march, singers go ahead of the army, the valley is named for blessing, and the return is with instruments. The narrator places the singing and the ambush in one sentence so that cause and effect sit side by side. The enemies who came to cast Judah out end as bodies on the ground with none escaped, and the spoil takes three days. Then the chapter turns. The realm is quiet, and in the same breath the king joins a wicked ally and loses his ships, which repeats the pattern the previous chapter rebuked. The king's own line, believe his prophets and prosper, stands against a prophet's word of breaking at the close.

Cited passages: 2 Chronicles 20:6, 2 Chronicles 20:9, 2 Chronicles 20:11, 2 Chronicles 20:12, 2 Chronicles 20:3, 2 Chronicles 20:17, 2 Chronicles 20:15, 2 Chronicles 20:21, 2 Chronicles 20:22, 2 Chronicles 20:24, 2 Chronicles 20:30, 2 Chronicles 20:35, 2 Chronicles 19:2, 2 Chronicles 20:20, 2 Chronicles 20:37

Key moments

  1. Fear and a fast (2 Chronicles 20:3). Jehoshaphat fears the reported multitude, seeks the Lord and proclaims a fast.
  2. Our eyes are upon thee (2 Chronicles 20:12). The king ends his prayer by admitting Judah has no might and no plan.
  3. The battle is God's (2 Chronicles 20:15). Jahaziel tells the assembly not to fear because the battle is not theirs.
  4. Singing and ambush (2 Chronicles 20:22). As the singers begin, the Lord sets ambushes and the enemies turn on each other.
  5. The valley of blessing (2 Chronicles 20:26). On the fourth day the people bless the Lord in the valley named Berachah.
  6. Ships broken at Ezion-geber (2 Chronicles 20:37). Eliezer prophesies against the alliance with Ahaziah and the ships never sail.

For reflection

Jehoshaphat's prayer ends with an admission that Judah has no might and does not know what to do, and yet the people are already gathered, fasting and standing with their children. What is the difference between not knowing what to do and doing nothing, as this chapter tells it?

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