The Torah · Old Testament
Numbers 13
Scouting Canaan and disputing the report
General context
Moses sends twelve tribal representatives from Paran to examine Canaan. He asks about its people, defenses, soil and trees, and tells them to bring back fruit. After forty days they return with grapes, pomegranates and figs. They acknowledge the land's abundance but describe strong inhabitants and fortified cities. Caleb urges the people to take possession; the men opposing him say they cannot overcome its inhabitants. The narrator calls their account an evil report. Their final comparison with grasshoppers expresses their own fearful assessment, including their claim about how the inhabitants viewed them.
Cited passages: Numbers 13:1, Numbers 13:2, Numbers 13:3, Numbers 13:17, Numbers 13:18, Numbers 13:19, Numbers 13:20, Numbers 13:21, Numbers 13:23, Numbers 13:24, Numbers 13:25, Numbers 13:26, Numbers 13:27, Numbers 13:28, Numbers 13:29, Numbers 13:30, Numbers 13:31, Numbers 13:32, Numbers 13:33
Numbers 13 (KJV)
1And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying,
2Send thou men, that they may search the land of Canaan, which I give unto the children of Israel: of every tribe of their fathers shall ye send a man, every one a ruler among them.
3And Moses by the commandment of the Lord sent them from the wilderness of Paran: all those men were heads of the children of Israel.
4And these were their names: of the tribe of Reuben, Shammua the son of Zaccur.
5Of the tribe of Simeon, Shaphat the son of Hori.
6Of the tribe of Judah, Caleb the son of Jephunneh.
7Of the tribe of Issachar, Igal the son of Joseph.
8Of the tribe of Ephraim, Oshea the son of Nun.
9Of the tribe of Benjamin, Palti the son of Raphu.
10Of the tribe of Zebulun, Gaddiel the son of Sodi.
11Of the tribe of Joseph, namely, of the tribe of Manasseh, Gaddi the son of Susi.
12Of the tribe of Dan, Ammiel the son of Gemalli.
13Of the tribe of Asher, Sethur the son of Michael.
14Of the tribe of Naphtali, Nahbi the son of Vophsi.
15Of the tribe of Gad, Geuel the son of Machi.
16These are the names of the men which Moses sent to spy out the land. And Moses called Oshea the son of Nun Jehoshua.
17And Moses sent them to spy out the land of Canaan, and said unto them, Get you up this way southward, and go up into the mountain:
18And see the land, what it is; and the people that dwelleth therein, whether they be strong or weak, few or many;
19And what the land is that they dwell in, whether it be good or bad; and what cities they be that they dwell in, whether in tents, or in strong holds;
20And what the land is, whether it be fat or lean, whether there be wood therein, or not. And be ye of good courage, and bring of the fruit of the land. Now the time was the time of the firstripe grapes.
21So they went up, and searched the land from the wilderness of Zin unto Rehob, as men come to Hamath.
22And they ascended by the south, and came unto Hebron; where Ahiman, Sheshai, and Talmai, the children of Anak, were. (Now Hebron was built seven years before Zoan in Egypt.)
23And they came unto the brook of Eshcol, and cut down from thence a branch with one cluster of grapes, and they bare it between two upon a staff; and they brought of the pomegranates, and of the figs.
24The place was called the brook Eshcol, because of the cluster of grapes which the children of Israel cut down from thence.
25And they returned from searching of the land after forty days.
26And they went and came to Moses, and to Aaron, and to all the congregation of the children of Israel, unto the wilderness of Paran, to Kadesh; and brought back word unto them, and unto all the congregation, and shewed them the fruit of the land.
27And they told him, and said, We came unto the land whither thou sentest us, and surely it floweth with milk and honey; and this is the fruit of it.
28Nevertheless the people be strong that dwell in the land, and the cities are walled, and very great: and moreover we saw the children of Anak there.
29The Amalekites dwell in the land of the south: and the Hittites, and the Jebusites, and the Amorites, dwell in the mountains: and the Canaanites dwell by the sea, and by the coast of Jordan.
30And Caleb stilled the people before Moses, and said, Let us go up at once, and possess it; for we are well able to overcome it.
31But the men that went up with him said, We be not able to go up against the people; for they are stronger than we.
32And they brought up an evil report of the land which they had searched unto the children of Israel, saying, The land, through which we have gone to search it, is a land that eateth up the inhabitants thereof; and all the people that we saw in it are men of a great stature.
33And there we saw the giants, the sons of Anak, which come of the giants: and we were in our own sight as grasshoppers, and so we were in their sight.
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Historical context
The chapter locates the expedition between the wilderness of Zin and Rehob near Hamath, with Hebron and the valley of Eshcol among its stops. Its aside dates Hebron's building seven years before Zoan in Egypt without giving a modern calendar date. Caleb represents Judah. Moses gives Oshea son of Nun the name Jehoshua in the KJV; the ASV and BBE use Hoshea and Joshua. These are translation forms for the same scout, not separate men.
Cited passages: Numbers 13:6, Numbers 13:8, Numbers 13:16, Numbers 13:21, Numbers 13:22, Numbers 13:23, Numbers 13:24
Literary context
Moses' questions establish the matters the scouts must assess; the return scene then shows how observation becomes argument. The fruit provides a shared sign of abundance, while the speakers draw opposing conclusions about entering the land. Caleb's brief appeal is followed by an escalating report of destructive land, immense inhabitants and grasshopper-sized Israelites. Those final descriptions belong to the scouts' speech. Joshua has been named among the twelve, but Caleb alone voices the positive appeal in this chapter.
Cited passages: Numbers 13:8, Numbers 13:17, Numbers 13:18, Numbers 13:19, Numbers 13:20, Numbers 13:26, Numbers 13:27, Numbers 13:28, Numbers 13:29, Numbers 13:30, Numbers 13:31, Numbers 13:32, Numbers 13:33
Key moments
- Questions for the scouts (Numbers 13:17). Moses gives the representatives concrete questions about the land and its inhabitants.
- Fruit from Eshcol (Numbers 13:23). Two men carry a cluster of grapes on a staff; the scouts also gather pomegranates and figs.
- Caleb speaks (Numbers 13:30). Caleb quiets the people and urges them to go up and possess the land.
For reflection
When people agree about what they have seen but disagree about what it means, how can you distinguish evidence, fear and the course of action each speaker wants others to take?
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