The Prophets · Old Testament
Jeremiah 36
Jeremiah 36: the scroll written, read, burned and written again
General context
In the fourth year of Jehoiakim the Lord tells Jeremiah to take a roll and write all the words spoken against Israel, Judah and the nations since the days of Josiah, so that Judah may hear, return and be forgiven. Jeremiah calls Baruch the son of Neriah, who writes the words from his mouth. Jeremiah says he is shut up and cannot go to the Lord's house, so Baruch is to read the roll there on the fasting day. In the fifth year, ninth month, a fast is proclaimed and Baruch reads in the chamber of Gemariah the son of Shaphan. Michaiah the son of Gemariah hears and reports to the princes. They send for Baruch, who reads to them; they are afraid, resolve to tell the king, and ask how he wrote the words. Baruch says Jeremiah pronounced them and he wrote with ink. The princes tell Baruch and Jeremiah to hide, leave the roll in Elishama's chamber and report to the king, who sends Jehudi to fetch and read it. The king sits in the winterhouse with a fire on the hearth; after three or four leaves, the roll is cut with a penknife and thrown into the fire until it is consumed. Neither the king nor his servants are afraid or tear their clothes, though three princes plead against the burning. The king orders Baruch and Jeremiah seized, but the Lord hides them. The word comes again: write another roll, and tell Jehoiakim that because he burned it he will have no one on David's throne and his body will be cast out to heat and frost. Baruch writes all the words again, with many more added.
Cited passages: Jeremiah 36:1, Jeremiah 36:2, Jeremiah 36:3, Jeremiah 36:4, Jeremiah 36:5, Jeremiah 36:6, Jeremiah 36:9, Jeremiah 36:10, Jeremiah 36:11, Jeremiah 36:14, Jeremiah 36:16, Jeremiah 36:18, Jeremiah 36:19, Jeremiah 36:21, Jeremiah 36:22, Jeremiah 36:23, Jeremiah 36:24, Jeremiah 36:25, Jeremiah 36:26, Jeremiah 36:28, Jeremiah 36:30, Jeremiah 36:31, Jeremiah 36:32
Jeremiah 36 (KJV)
1And it came to pass in the fourth year of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah, that this word came unto Jeremiah from the Lord, saying,
2Take thee a roll of a book, and write therein all the words that I have spoken unto thee against Israel, and against Judah, and against all the nations, from the day I spake unto thee, from the days of Josiah, even unto this day.
3It may be that the house of Judah will hear all the evil which I purpose to do unto them; that they may return every man from his evil way; that I may forgive their iniquity and their sin.
4Then Jeremiah called Baruch the son of Neriah: and Baruch wrote from the mouth of Jeremiah all the words of the Lord, which he had spoken unto him, upon a roll of a book.
5And Jeremiah commanded Baruch, saying, I am shut up; I cannot go into the house of the Lord:
6Therefore go thou, and read in the roll, which thou hast written from my mouth, the words of the Lord in the ears of the people in the Lord’s house upon the fasting day: and also thou shalt read them in the ears of all Judah that come out of their cities.
7It may be they will present their supplication before the Lord, and will return every one from his evil way: for great is the anger and the fury that the Lord hath pronounced against this people.
8And Baruch the son of Neriah did according to all that Jeremiah the prophet commanded him, reading in the book the words of the Lord in the Lord’s house.
9And it came to pass in the fifth year of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah, in the ninth month, that they proclaimed a fast before the Lord to all the people in Jerusalem, and to all the people that came from the cities of Judah unto Jerusalem.
10Then read Baruch in the book the words of Jeremiah in the house of the Lord, in the chamber of Gemariah the son of Shaphan the scribe, in the higher court, at the entry of the new gate of the Lord’s house, in the ears of all the people.
11When Michaiah the son of Gemariah, the son of Shaphan, had heard out of the book all the words of the Lord,
12Then he went down into the king’s house, into the scribe’s chamber: and, lo, all the princes sat there, even Elishama the scribe, and Delaiah the son of Shemaiah, and Elnathan the son of Achbor, and Gemariah the son of Shaphan, and Zedekiah the son of Hananiah, and all the princes.
13Then Michaiah declared unto them all the words that he had heard, when Baruch read the book in the ears of the people.
14Therefore all the princes sent Jehudi the son of Nethaniah, the son of Shelemiah, the son of Cushi, unto Baruch, saying, Take in thine hand the roll wherein thou hast read in the ears of the people, and come. So Baruch the son of Neriah took the roll in his hand, and came unto them.
15And they said unto him, Sit down now, and read it in our ears. So Baruch read it in their ears.
16Now it came to pass, when they had heard all the words, they were afraid both one and other, and said unto Baruch, We will surely tell the king of all these words.
17And they asked Baruch, saying, Tell us now, How didst thou write all these words at his mouth?
18Then Baruch answered them, He pronounced all these words unto me with his mouth, and I wrote them with ink in the book.
19Then said the princes unto Baruch, Go, hide thee, thou and Jeremiah; and let no man know where ye be.
20And they went in to the king into the court, but they laid up the roll in the chamber of Elishama the scribe, and told all the words in the ears of the king.
21So the king sent Jehudi to fetch the roll: and he took it out of Elishama the scribe’s chamber. And Jehudi read it in the ears of the king, and in the ears of all the princes which stood beside the king.
22Now the king sat in the winterhouse in the ninth month: and there was a fire on the hearth burning before him.
23And it came to pass, that when Jehudi had read three or four leaves, he cut it with the penknife, and cast it into the fire that was on the hearth, until all the roll was consumed in the fire that was on the hearth.
24Yet they were not afraid, nor rent their garments, neither the king, nor any of his servants that heard all these words.
25Nevertheless Elnathan and Delaiah and Gemariah had made intercession to the king that he would not burn the roll: but he would not hear them.
26But the king commanded Jerahmeel the son of Hammelech, and Seraiah the son of Azriel, and Shelemiah the son of Abdeel, to take Baruch the scribe and Jeremiah the prophet: but the Lord hid them.
27Then the word of the Lord came to Jeremiah, after that the king had burned the roll, and the words which Baruch wrote at the mouth of Jeremiah, saying,
28Take thee again another roll, and write in it all the former words that were in the first roll, which Jehoiakim the king of Judah hath burned.
29And thou shalt say to Jehoiakim king of Judah, Thus saith the Lord; Thou hast burned this roll, saying, Why hast thou written therein, saying, The king of Babylon shall certainly come and destroy this land, and shall cause to cease from thence man and beast?
30Therefore thus saith the Lord of Jehoiakim king of Judah; He shall have none to sit upon the throne of David: and his dead body shall be cast out in the day to the heat, and in the night to the frost.
31And I will punish him and his seed and his servants for their iniquity; and I will bring upon them, and upon the inhabitants of Jerusalem, and upon the men of Judah, all the evil that I have pronounced against them; but they hearkened not.
32Then took Jeremiah another roll, and gave it to Baruch the scribe, the son of Neriah; who wrote therein from the mouth of Jeremiah all the words of the book which Jehoiakim king of Judah had burned in the fire: and there were added besides unto them many like words.
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Historical context
The chapter gives two dates, the fourth year of Jehoiakim for the writing and the fifth year, ninth month, for the fast and reading. Jeremiah says "I am shut up" without explanation; the text does not say why he cannot enter the Lord's house. Baruch is called "the scribe" here, a title not used for him in chapter 32. Gemariah the son of Shaphan the scribe, whose chamber is used, is a different man from Gemariah the son of Hilkiah who carried the letter in chapter 29; Michaiah is his son and Shaphan's grandson. Zedekiah the son of Hananiah among the princes shares a name with the later king. In verse 23 the subject of "he cut it" follows a clause about Jehudi reading, and the verse does not name the cutter; the Lord's word in verse 29 charges Jehoiakim with burning the roll. The sentence on Jehoiakim's body matches the earlier oracle that he would be buried like an ass and cast beyond the gates; the book does not narrate his death. Chapter 45 dates Baruch's own oracle to the same fourth year, when he had written these words. Jerahmeel is called "the son of Hammelech" as printed.
Cited passages: Jeremiah 36:1, Jeremiah 36:9, Jeremiah 36:5, Jeremiah 36:32, Jeremiah 36:10, Jeremiah 29:3, Jeremiah 36:12, Jeremiah 36:23, Jeremiah 36:29, Jeremiah 22:19, Jeremiah 36:30, Jeremiah 45:1, Jeremiah 36:26
Literary context
The roll is read three times, to the people, to the princes and to the king, and the responses differ: the princes are afraid and want the king told; the king and his servants are not afraid and do not tear their clothes. The narrator sets those two reactions in matching words. Twice the purpose is stated as "It may be," a hope that hearing will lead to turning. The burning is described in physical detail, the winterhouse, the hearth, three or four leaves at a time, the penknife, until the whole roll is gone, and the intercession of three named princes is recorded as refused. The single explanation of the escape is "the Lord hid them." The chapter closes by reversing the burning: another roll, all the former words, and more added, so the destruction produces a longer book. The king's own question is quoted back to him, so the text records that he knew what the roll said. The chain of transmission is traced name by name from Baruch's pen to the king's fire.
Cited passages: Jeremiah 36:10, Jeremiah 36:15, Jeremiah 36:21, Jeremiah 36:16, Jeremiah 36:24, Jeremiah 36:3, Jeremiah 36:7, Jeremiah 36:23, Jeremiah 36:25, Jeremiah 36:26, Jeremiah 36:32, Jeremiah 36:29, Jeremiah 36:13
Key moments
- Take a roll and write (Jeremiah 36:2). The Lord commands a written record of all his words since Josiah's days.
- Baruch writes from Jeremiah's mouth (Jeremiah 36:4). Baruch the son of Neriah records the words on a roll.
- Read in the temple (Jeremiah 36:10). Baruch reads the roll to the people on the fast day in Gemariah's chamber.
- The princes afraid (Jeremiah 36:16). After hearing the roll the princes resolve to tell the king.
- The roll burned (Jeremiah 36:23). After three or four leaves are read, the roll is cut and thrown into the hearth fire until it is consumed.
- The Lord hid them (Jeremiah 36:26). The king orders Baruch and Jeremiah taken, but they are hidden.
- Written again with more (Jeremiah 36:32). Baruch rewrites the burned words and many like words are added.
For reflection
The roll is cut and burned three or four leaves at a time until it is all gone, and then the words are written again with more added. What does burning a message change, if the message can be rewritten?
People in this chapter
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