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The Torah · Old Testament

Exodus 4

Signs, a spokesman and the return toward Egypt

General context

Moses fears that the people will not believe him. The Lord gives signs: the rod becomes a serpent and returns to a rod, and Moses' hand becomes diseased and is restored. A further sign involving river water becoming blood is given for use if the people reject the first two. Moses describes himself as slow of speech. God promises to teach him what to say; after Moses continues to hesitate, the Lord's anger is kindled and Aaron is appointed as his spokesman. Moses obtains Jethro's permission to return, and God tells him that those who sought his life are dead. He sets out with his wife, sons and the rod. God tells him of Pharaoh's hardened heart and gives a warning concerning Israel as God's firstborn and Pharaoh's firstborn son. A brief roadside encounter describes a deadly threat from the Lord, Zipporah circumcising her son and the threat ending. Aaron then meets Moses, hears the commission and joins him in gathering Israel's elders. Aaron speaks, signs are performed before the people, and they believe and worship.

Cited passages: Exodus 4:1, Exodus 4:2, Exodus 4:3, Exodus 4:4, Exodus 4:5, Exodus 4:6, Exodus 4:7, Exodus 4:8, Exodus 4:9, Exodus 4:10, Exodus 4:11, Exodus 4:12, Exodus 4:13, Exodus 4:14, Exodus 4:15, Exodus 4:16, Exodus 4:17, Exodus 4:18, Exodus 4:19, Exodus 4:20, Exodus 4:21, Exodus 4:22, Exodus 4:23, Exodus 4:24, Exodus 4:25, Exodus 4:26, Exodus 4:27, Exodus 4:28, Exodus 4:29, Exodus 4:30, Exodus 4:31

Exodus 4 (KJV)

1And Moses answered and said, But, behold, they will not believe me, nor hearken unto my voice: for they will say, The Lord hath not appeared unto thee.

2And the Lord said unto him, What is that in thine hand? And he said, A rod.

3And he said, Cast it on the ground. And he cast it on the ground, and it became a serpent; and Moses fled from before it.

4And the Lord said unto Moses, Put forth thine hand, and take it by the tail. And he put forth his hand, and caught it, and it became a rod in his hand:

5That they may believe that the Lord God of their fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, hath appeared unto thee.

6And the Lord said furthermore unto him, Put now thine hand into thy bosom. And he put his hand into his bosom: and when he took it out, behold, his hand was leprous as snow.

7And he said, Put thine hand into thy bosom again. And he put his hand into his bosom again; and plucked it out of his bosom, and, behold, it was turned again as his other flesh.

8And it shall come to pass, if they will not believe thee, neither hearken to the voice of the first sign, that they will believe the voice of the latter sign.

9And it shall come to pass, if they will not believe also these two signs, neither hearken unto thy voice, that thou shalt take of the water of the river, and pour it upon the dry land: and the water which thou takest out of the river shall become blood upon the dry land.

10And Moses said unto the Lord, O my Lord, I am not eloquent, neither heretofore, nor since thou hast spoken unto thy servant: but I am slow of speech, and of a slow tongue.

11And the Lord said unto him, Who hath made man’s mouth? or who maketh the dumb, or deaf, or the seeing, or the blind? have not I the Lord?

12Now therefore go, and I will be with thy mouth, and teach thee what thou shalt say.

13And he said, O my Lord, send, I pray thee, by the hand of him whom thou wilt send.

14And the anger of the Lord was kindled against Moses, and he said, Is not Aaron the Levite thy brother? I know that he can speak well. And also, behold, he cometh forth to meet thee: and when he seeth thee, he will be glad in his heart.

15And thou shalt speak unto him, and put words in his mouth: and I will be with thy mouth, and with his mouth, and will teach you what ye shall do.

16And he shall be thy spokesman unto the people: and he shall be, even he shall be to thee instead of a mouth, and thou shalt be to him instead of God.

17And thou shalt take this rod in thine hand, wherewith thou shalt do signs.

18And Moses went and returned to Jethro his father in law, and said unto him, Let me go, I pray thee, and return unto my brethren which are in Egypt, and see whether they be yet alive. And Jethro said to Moses, Go in peace.

19And the Lord said unto Moses in Midian, Go, return into Egypt: for all the men are dead which sought thy life.

20And Moses took his wife and his sons, and set them upon an ass, and he returned to the land of Egypt: and Moses took the rod of God in his hand.

21And the Lord said unto Moses, When thou goest to return into Egypt, see that thou do all those wonders before Pharaoh, which I have put in thine hand: but I will harden his heart, that he shall not let the people go.

22And thou shalt say unto Pharaoh, Thus saith the Lord, Israel is my son, even my firstborn:

23And I say unto thee, Let my son go, that he may serve me: and if thou refuse to let him go, behold, I will slay thy son, even thy firstborn.

24And it came to pass by the way in the inn, that the Lord met him, and sought to kill him.

25Then Zipporah took a sharp stone, and cut off the foreskin of her son, and cast it at his feet, and said, Surely a bloody husband art thou to me.

26So he let him go: then she said, A bloody husband thou art, because of the circumcision.

27And the Lord said to Aaron, Go into the wilderness to meet Moses. And he went, and met him in the mount of God, and kissed him.

28And Moses told Aaron all the words of the Lord who had sent him, and all the signs which he had commanded him.

29And Moses and Aaron went and gathered together all the elders of the children of Israel:

30And Aaron spake all the words which the Lord had spoken unto Moses, and did the signs in the sight of the people.

31And the people believed: and when they heard that the Lord had visited the children of Israel, and that he had looked upon their affliction, then they bowed their heads and worshipped.

This page shows the King James Version. In the app, reading opens in the Berean Standard Bible unless you have chosen another translation. The reader includes five translations: the Berean Standard Bible (BSB), the King James Version (KJV), the World English Bible (WEB), the Bible in Basic English (BBE), and the American Standard Version (ASV). Search covers three of them: Berean Standard, King James, and World English. Basic English and American Standard readers search the King James words.

Historical context

The chapter names Aaron as Moses' brother and gives him the role of spokesman. Moses' account of his slow speech does not establish a particular medical diagnosis. The account also distinguishes signs already shown to Moses from the conditional water-to-blood instruction. His family travels from Midian, but the sons are not named here. The roadside episode uses pronouns without explicitly naming the threatened person or identifying whose feet are meant. It describes Zipporah circumcising her son, her blood-related husband saying and a release from the threat. The guide leaves those unresolved referents open. The firstborn warning is a message Moses is instructed to give Pharaoh; its threatened outcome has not occurred in this chapter.

Cited passages: Exodus 4:1, Exodus 4:2, Exodus 4:3, Exodus 4:4, Exodus 4:6, Exodus 4:7, Exodus 4:8, Exodus 4:9, Exodus 4:10, Exodus 4:13, Exodus 4:14, Exodus 4:15, Exodus 4:16, Exodus 4:18, Exodus 4:19, Exodus 4:20, Exodus 4:21, Exodus 4:22, Exodus 4:23, Exodus 4:24, Exodus 4:25, Exodus 4:26

Literary context

The chapter begins with Moses predicting disbelief and ends with the people believing. Between those points, signs and a spokesman answer his concerns, while the Lord's anger shows that the exchange includes resistance from Moses. The journey itself contains an abrupt encounter with danger whose compact wording leaves interpretive questions. Aaron's meeting with Moses then moves the commission into public speech before the elders and people. Their worship responds to hearing that the Lord has attended to Israel's affliction. The ending establishes reception of the message while departure from Egypt remains ahead.

Cited passages: Exodus 4:1, Exodus 4:5, Exodus 4:8, Exodus 4:9, Exodus 4:10, Exodus 4:12, Exodus 4:13, Exodus 4:14, Exodus 4:15, Exodus 4:16, Exodus 4:19, Exodus 4:20, Exodus 4:21, Exodus 4:24, Exodus 4:25, Exodus 4:26, Exodus 4:27, Exodus 4:28, Exodus 4:29, Exodus 4:30, Exodus 4:31

Key moments

  1. The serpent returns to a rod (Exodus 4:4). Moses takes the serpent by its tail at the Lord's command, and it becomes a rod in his hand.
  2. Aaron is appointed spokesman (Exodus 4:16). Aaron is to speak to the people on Moses' behalf.
  3. Zipporah acts during the roadside threat (Exodus 4:25). Zipporah circumcises her son during the brief, difficult roadside episode.
  4. The people believe and worship (Exodus 4:31). Hearing of the Lord's attention to their affliction, the people believe and bow in worship.

For reflection

What changes between Moses' prediction that the people will not believe and their response at the chapter's end?

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