The Histories · Old Testament
2 Samuel 21
Famine, the deaths of Saul's descendants and later battles
General context
During a three-year famine, the Lord identifies Saul's attack on the Gibeonites as its cause. The Gibeonites ask David for seven of Saul's descendants, whom they execute after David hands them over. David spares Jonathan's son Mephibosheth because of their oath. Rizpah guards the exposed bodies, and David later gathers the bones of Saul, Jonathan and the executed men for burial. The chapter then recounts further Philistine battles, including Abishai's rescue of the exhausted David.
Cited passages: 2 Samuel 21:1, 2 Samuel 21:2, 2 Samuel 21:3, 2 Samuel 21:4, 2 Samuel 21:5, 2 Samuel 21:6, 2 Samuel 21:7, 2 Samuel 21:8, 2 Samuel 21:9, 2 Samuel 21:10, 2 Samuel 21:11, 2 Samuel 21:12, 2 Samuel 21:13, 2 Samuel 21:14, 2 Samuel 21:15, 2 Samuel 21:16, 2 Samuel 21:17, 2 Samuel 21:18, 2 Samuel 21:19, 2 Samuel 21:20, 2 Samuel 21:21, 2 Samuel 21:22
2 Samuel 21 (KJV)
1Then there was a famine in the days of David three years, year after year; and David enquired of the Lord. And the Lord answered, It is for Saul, and for his bloody house, because he slew the Gibeonites.
2And the king called the Gibeonites, and said unto them; (now the Gibeonites were not of the children of Israel, but of the remnant of the Amorites; and the children of Israel had sworn unto them: and Saul sought to slay them in his zeal to the children of Israel and Judah.)
3Wherefore David said unto the Gibeonites, What shall I do for you? and wherewith shall I make the atonement, that ye may bless the inheritance of the Lord?
4And the Gibeonites said unto him, We will have no silver nor gold of Saul, nor of his house; neither for us shalt thou kill any man in Israel. And he said, What ye shall say, that will I do for you.
5And they answered the king, The man that consumed us, and that devised against us that we should be destroyed from remaining in any of the coasts of Israel,
6Let seven men of his sons be delivered unto us, and we will hang them up unto the Lord in Gibeah of Saul, whom the Lord did choose. And the king said, I will give them.
7But the king spared Mephibosheth, the son of Jonathan the son of Saul, because of the Lord’s oath that was between them, between David and Jonathan the son of Saul.
8But the king took the two sons of Rizpah the daughter of Aiah, whom she bare unto Saul, Armoni and Mephibosheth; and the five sons of Michal the daughter of Saul, whom she brought up for Adriel the son of Barzillai the Meholathite:
9And he delivered them into the hands of the Gibeonites, and they hanged them in the hill before the Lord: and they fell all seven together, and were put to death in the days of harvest, in the first days, in the beginning of barley harvest.
10And Rizpah the daughter of Aiah took sackcloth, and spread it for her upon the rock, from the beginning of harvest until water dropped upon them out of heaven, and suffered neither the birds of the air to rest on them by day, nor the beasts of the field by night.
11And it was told David what Rizpah the daughter of Aiah, the concubine of Saul, had done.
12And David went and took the bones of Saul and the bones of Jonathan his son from the men of Jabesh-gilead, which had stolen them from the street of Beth-shan, where the Philistines had hanged them, when the Philistines had slain Saul in Gilboa:
13And he brought up from thence the bones of Saul and the bones of Jonathan his son; and they gathered the bones of them that were hanged.
14And the bones of Saul and Jonathan his son buried they in the country of Benjamin in Zelah, in the sepulchre of Kish his father: and they performed all that the king commanded. And after that God was intreated for the land.
15Moreover the Philistines had yet war again with Israel; and David went down, and his servants with him, and fought against the Philistines: and David waxed faint.
16And Ishbi-benob, which was of the sons of the giant, the weight of whose spear weighed three hundred shekels of brass in weight, he being girded with a new sword, thought to have slain David.
17But Abishai the son of Zeruiah succoured him, and smote the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David sware unto him, saying, Thou shalt go no more out with us to battle, that thou quench not the light of Israel.
18And it came to pass after this, that there was again a battle with the Philistines at Gob: then Sibbechai the Hushathite slew Saph, which was of the sons of the giant.
19And there was again a battle in Gob with the Philistines, where Elhanan the son of Jaare-oregim, a Beth-lehemite, slew the brother of Goliath the Gittite, the staff of whose spear was like a weaver’s beam.
20And there was yet a battle in Gath, where was a man of great stature, that had on every hand six fingers, and on every foot six toes, four and twenty in number; and he also was born to the giant.
21And when he defied Israel, Jonathan the son of Shimea the brother of David slew him.
22These four were born to the giant in Gath, and fell by the hand of David, and by the hand of his servants.
This page shows the King James Version. In the app, reading opens in the Berean Standard Bible unless you have chosen another translation. The reader includes five translations: the Berean Standard Bible (BSB), the King James Version (KJV), the World English Bible (WEB), the Bible in Basic English (BBE), and the American Standard Version (ASV). Search covers three of them: Berean Standard, King James, and World English. Basic English and American Standard readers search the King James words.
Historical context
The execution request belongs to the Gibeonites and is accepted by David; it is not separately presented as a divine instruction. Jonathan's spared son and Rizpah's executed son are different men named Mephibosheth. Verse 8 differs: KJV and ASV name Michal, with brought-up/bore wording, while BBE names Merab. Verse 19 names Goliath's brother as Elhanan's victim in KJV but Goliath in ASV and BBE. These differences should remain visible when connecting family and battle records.
Cited passages: 2 Samuel 21:1, 2 Samuel 21:2, 2 Samuel 21:3, 2 Samuel 21:4, 2 Samuel 21:5, 2 Samuel 21:6, 2 Samuel 21:7, 2 Samuel 21:8, 2 Samuel 21:9, 2 Samuel 21:19
Literary context
A national crisis narrows to the exposed bodies of seven men and the prolonged vigil of a mother. Rizpah's care prompts David to address the burial of the dead. The later battle notices show that even the king once celebrated for combat now needs rescue, and his men seek to keep Israel's lamp from being extinguished. The chapter combines public consequences, care for the dead and the limits of royal strength.
Cited passages: 2 Samuel 21:9, 2 Samuel 21:10, 2 Samuel 21:11, 2 Samuel 21:12, 2 Samuel 21:13, 2 Samuel 21:14, 2 Samuel 21:15, 2 Samuel 21:16, 2 Samuel 21:17, 2 Samuel 21:20, 2 Samuel 21:21, 2 Samuel 21:22
Key moments
- The famine's cause named (2 Samuel 21:1). The Lord identifies Saul's bloodshed against the Gibeonites.
- Jonathan's son spared (2 Samuel 21:7). David preserves Mephibosheth because of the oath with Jonathan.
- Rizpah guards the bodies (2 Samuel 21:10). She keeps birds and beasts away through her vigil.
- The bones buried (2 Samuel 21:14). David arranges burial in Saul's family tomb, and the account records the Lord's response for the land.
- David rescued in battle (2 Samuel 21:17). Abishai kills the attacker threatening David, and the men ask the king to stay out of battle.
For reflection
What does Rizpah's vigil bring into view that could be lost in an account focused only on ending the famine?
People in this chapter
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