The Gospels · New Testament
Matthew 12
Matthew 12: sabbath disputes, the Beelzebub charge, and the sign of Jonas
General context
The disciples pluck ears of corn on the sabbath, the Pharisees object, and Jesus answers with David eating the shewbread, with priests who work in the temple on the sabbath, with a line about mercy and sacrifice, and with a statement that the Son of man is Lord of the sabbath day. In their synagogue a man with a withered hand is present, and Jesus is asked whether sabbath healing is lawful so that they might accuse him. He answers with a sheep fallen into a pit, tells the man to stretch out his hand, and it is restored. The Pharisees hold a council to destroy him. Jesus withdraws, heals the crowds, tells them not to make him known, and the narrator quotes Esaias about a chosen servant who will not strive or cry. A blind and dumb man possessed is healed, the people ask whether this is the son of David, and the Pharisees say it is done by Beelzebub. Jesus answers with a divided kingdom, a strong man bound, and words about blasphemy against the Holy Ghost, then about trees and fruit and idle words. Asked for a sign, he names the sign of the prophet Jonas, Nineveh and the queen of the south. He describes an unclean spirit returning with seven worse. When his mother and brethren stand outside, he points to his disciples and defines his family by doing the will of his Father.
Cited passages: Matthew 12:1, Matthew 12:2, Matthew 12:3, Matthew 12:5, Matthew 12:8, Matthew 12:10, Matthew 12:13, Matthew 12:14, Matthew 12:16, Matthew 12:18, Matthew 12:20, Matthew 12:22, Matthew 12:24, Matthew 12:25, Matthew 12:29, Matthew 12:31, Matthew 12:34, Matthew 12:38, Matthew 12:40, Matthew 12:42, Matthew 12:45, Matthew 12:46, Matthew 12:50
Matthew 12 (KJV)
1At that time Jesus went on the sabbath day through the corn; and his disciples were an hungred, and began to pluck the ears of corn, and to eat.
2But when the Pharisees saw it, they said unto him, Behold, thy disciples do that which is not lawful to do upon the sabbath day.
3But he said unto them, Have ye not read what David did, when he was an hungred, and they that were with him;
4How he entered into the house of God, and did eat the shewbread, which was not lawful for him to eat, neither for them which were with him, but only for the priests?
5Or have ye not read in the law, how that on the sabbath days the priests in the temple profane the sabbath, and are blameless?
6But I say unto you, That in this place is one greater than the temple.
7But if ye had known what this meaneth, I will have mercy, and not sacrifice, ye would not have condemned the guiltless.
8For the Son of man is Lord even of the sabbath day.
9And when he was departed thence, he went into their synagogue:
10And, behold, there was a man which had his hand withered. And they asked him, saying, Is it lawful to heal on the sabbath days? that they might accuse him.
11And he said unto them, What man shall there be among you, that shall have one sheep, and if it fall into a pit on the sabbath day, will he not lay hold on it, and lift it out?
12How much then is a man better than a sheep? Wherefore it is lawful to do well on the sabbath days.
13Then saith he to the man, Stretch forth thine hand. And he stretched it forth; and it was restored whole, like as the other.
14Then the Pharisees went out, and held a council against him, how they might destroy him.
15But when Jesus knew it, he withdrew himself from thence: and great multitudes followed him, and he healed them all;
16And charged them that they should not make him known:
17That it might be fulfilled which was spoken by Esaias the prophet, saying,
18Behold my servant, whom I have chosen; my beloved, in whom my soul is well pleased: I will put my spirit upon him, and he shall shew judgment to the Gentiles.
19He shall not strive, nor cry; neither shall any man hear his voice in the streets.
20A bruised reed shall he not break, and smoking flax shall he not quench, till he send forth judgment unto victory.
21And in his name shall the Gentiles trust.
22Then was brought unto him one possessed with a devil, blind, and dumb: and he healed him, insomuch that the blind and dumb both spake and saw.
23And all the people were amazed, and said, Is not this the son of David?
24But when the Pharisees heard it, they said, This fellow doth not cast out devils, but by Beelzebub the prince of the devils.
25And Jesus knew their thoughts, and said unto them, Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation; and every city or house divided against itself shall not stand:
26And if Satan cast out Satan, he is divided against himself; how shall then his kingdom stand?
27And if I by Beelzebub cast out devils, by whom do your children cast them out? therefore they shall be your judges.
28But if I cast out devils by the Spirit of God, then the kingdom of God is come unto you.
29Or else how can one enter into a strong man’s house, and spoil his goods, except he first bind the strong man? and then he will spoil his house.
30He that is not with me is against me; and he that gathereth not with me scattereth abroad.
31Wherefore I say unto you, All manner of sin and blasphemy shall be forgiven unto men: but the blasphemy against the Holy Ghost shall not be forgiven unto men.
32And whosoever speaketh a word against the Son of man, it shall be forgiven him: but whosoever speaketh against the Holy Ghost, it shall not be forgiven him, neither in this world, neither in the world to come.
33Either make the tree good, and his fruit good; or else make the tree corrupt, and his fruit corrupt: for the tree is known by his fruit.
34O generation of vipers, how can ye, being evil, speak good things? for out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh.
35A good man out of the good treasure of the heart bringeth forth good things: and an evil man out of the evil treasure bringeth forth evil things.
36But I say unto you, That every idle word that men shall speak, they shall give account thereof in the day of judgment.
37For by thy words thou shalt be justified, and by thy words thou shalt be condemned.
38Then certain of the scribes and of the Pharisees answered, saying, Master, we would see a sign from thee.
39But he answered and said unto them, An evil and adulterous generation seeketh after a sign; and there shall no sign be given to it, but the sign of the prophet Jonas:
40For as Jonas was three days and three nights in the whale’s belly; so shall the Son of man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth.
41The men of Nineveh shall rise in judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it: because they repented at the preaching of Jonas; and, behold, a greater than Jonas is here.
42The queen of the south shall rise up in the judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it: for she came from the uttermost parts of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and, behold, a greater than Solomon is here.
43When the unclean spirit is gone out of a man, he walketh through dry places, seeking rest, and findeth none.
44Then he saith, I will return into my house from whence I came out; and when he is come, he findeth it empty, swept, and garnished.
45Then goeth he, and taketh with himself seven other spirits more wicked than himself, and they enter in and dwell there: and the last state of that man is worse than the first. Even so shall it be also unto this wicked generation.
46While he yet talked to the people, behold, his mother and his brethren stood without, desiring to speak with him.
47Then one said unto him, Behold, thy mother and thy brethren stand without, desiring to speak with thee.
48But he answered and said unto him that told him, Who is my mother? and who are my brethren?
49And he stretched forth his hand toward his disciples, and said, Behold my mother and my brethren!
50For whosoever shall do the will of my Father which is in heaven, the same is my brother, and sister, and mother.
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Historical context
The narrator states the purpose behind the synagogue question: they asked whether sabbath healing was lawful that they might accuse him. The council that follows is described as held to destroy him, and no outcome of that council is given in this chapter. The Esaias quotation is printed as Behold my servant, whom I have chosen; my beloved, in whom my soul is well pleased, while Isaiah 42:1 reads whom I uphold; mine elect, in whom my soul delighteth, and Matthew's closing line, And in his name shall the Gentiles trust, does not match Isaiah 42:4, which speaks of the isles waiting for his law. The words I will have mercy, and not sacrifice are quoted here for the second time in the book, having already been used at 9:13. The men who ask for a sign are named as certain of the scribes and of the Pharisees. His mother and his brethren are mentioned without any of them being named in this chapter, and the text does not say whether they spoke with him afterward.
Cited passages: Matthew 12:10, Matthew 12:14, Matthew 12:17, Matthew 12:18, Isaiah 42:1, Matthew 12:21, Isaiah 42:4, Matthew 12:7, Matthew 9:13, Matthew 12:38, Matthew 12:47
Literary context
Question and counter question drive the chapter. The Pharisees make a charge, and Jesus answers by asking whether they have read, twice in the corn field and again with the sheep in the pit. The second half repeats the pattern with a charge about Beelzebub met by a chain of questions about divided kingdoms and a bound strong man. Speech itself becomes the subject at the centre. A blasphemy that will not be forgiven, a tree known by its fruit, a mouth speaking out of the heart, and an account for every idle word all belong to one run. Two outsiders are then held up against the hearers, the men of Nineveh and the queen of the south, each said to rise in judgment. The closing scene turns the argument inward: the people standing outside are his mother and his brethren, and the answer redefines the words rather than sending for them.
Cited passages: Matthew 12:3, Matthew 12:5, Matthew 12:11, Matthew 12:26, Matthew 12:27, Matthew 12:33, Matthew 12:36, Matthew 12:37, Matthew 12:41, Matthew 12:42, Matthew 12:48, Matthew 12:49
Key moments
- Corn on the sabbath (Matthew 12:2). The Pharisees object that the disciples are doing what is unlawful on the sabbath.
- Lord of the sabbath (Matthew 12:8). Jesus says the Son of man is Lord even of the sabbath day.
- The withered hand restored (Matthew 12:13). The man stretches out his hand and it is restored like the other.
- A council to destroy him (Matthew 12:14). The Pharisees go out and plan how to destroy him.
- The Beelzebub charge (Matthew 12:24). The Pharisees attribute the exorcism to the prince of the devils.
- The sign of Jonas (Matthew 12:40). Jesus names Jonas in the whale as the only sign to be given.
- Who is my mother (Matthew 12:48). Told his mother and brethren are outside, Jesus asks who his mother and brethren are.
For reflection
The narrator says the sabbath question was asked so that they might accuse him, and Jesus answers it anyway. What does the chapter show about answering a question whose purpose has already been stated?
People in this chapter
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