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The Gospels · New Testament

Luke 20

Luke 20: questions in the temple and the vineyard parable

General context

As Jesus teaches in the temple, the chief priests and scribes come with the elders and ask by what authority he acts. He answers with a question about whether John's baptism was from heaven or of men; they reason that either answer will cost them, say they cannot tell, and he refuses to say by what authority he acts. He then tells the people a parable of a vineyard let to husbandmen who beat one servant, beat and shame a second, wound and cast out a third, and finally kill the beloved son so the inheritance may be theirs; when he asks what the lord of the vineyard will do, the hearers say God forbid. He quotes the rejected stone that becomes the head of the corner. Spies feigning themselves just men ask whether it is lawful to give tribute to Cesar, and he asks whose image is on a penny before answering. Sadducees, who deny the resurrection, put the case of seven brothers and one wife, and he answers about the children of this world, the children of the resurrection, and Moses at the bush. Certain scribes say he has answered well and no one dares ask more. He asks how Christ can be David's son, and warns his disciples about scribes who devour widows' houses.

Cited passages: Luke 20:1, Luke 20:2, Luke 20:4, Luke 20:5, Luke 20:6, Luke 20:7, Luke 20:8, Luke 20:9, Luke 20:10, Luke 20:13, Luke 20:14, Luke 20:15, Luke 20:16, Luke 20:17, Luke 20:19, Luke 20:20, Luke 20:22, Luke 20:24, Luke 20:25, Luke 20:26, Luke 20:27, Luke 20:28, Luke 20:33, Luke 20:34, Luke 20:37, Luke 20:41, Luke 20:42, Luke 20:44, Luke 20:46, Luke 20:47

Luke 20 (KJV)

1And it came to pass, that on one of those days, as he taught the people in the temple, and preached the gospel, the chief priests and the scribes came upon him with the elders,

2And spake unto him, saying, Tell us, by what authority doest thou these things? or who is he that gave thee this authority?

3And he answered and said unto them, I will also ask you one thing; and answer me:

4The baptism of John, was it from heaven, or of men?

5And they reasoned with themselves, saying, If we shall say, From heaven; he will say, Why then believed ye him not?

6But and if we say, Of men; all the people will stone us: for they be persuaded that John was a prophet.

7And they answered, that they could not tell whence it was.

8And Jesus said unto them, Neither tell I you by what authority I do these things.

9Then began he to speak to the people this parable; A certain man planted a vineyard, and let it forth to husbandmen, and went into a far country for a long time.

10And at the season he sent a servant to the husbandmen, that they should give him of the fruit of the vineyard: but the husbandmen beat him, and sent him away empty.

11And again he sent another servant: and they beat him also, and entreated him shamefully, and sent him away empty.

12And again he sent a third: and they wounded him also, and cast him out.

13Then said the lord of the vineyard, What shall I do? I will send my beloved son: it may be they will reverence him when they see him.

14But when the husbandmen saw him, they reasoned among themselves, saying, This is the heir: come, let us kill him, that the inheritance may be ours.

15So they cast him out of the vineyard, and killed him. What therefore shall the lord of the vineyard do unto them?

16He shall come and destroy these husbandmen, and shall give the vineyard to others. And when they heard it, they said, God forbid.

17And he beheld them, and said, What is this then that is written, The stone which the builders rejected, the same is become the head of the corner?

18Whosoever shall fall upon that stone shall be broken; but on whomsoever it shall fall, it will grind him to powder.

19And the chief priests and the scribes the same hour sought to lay hands on him; and they feared the people: for they perceived that he had spoken this parable against them.

20And they watched him, and sent forth spies, which should feign themselves just men, that they might take hold of his words, that so they might deliver him unto the power and authority of the governor.

21And they asked him, saying, Master, we know that thou sayest and teachest rightly, neither acceptest thou the person of any, but teachest the way of God truly:

22Is it lawful for us to give tribute unto Cæsar, or no?

23But he perceived their craftiness, and said unto them, Why tempt ye me?

24Shew me a penny. Whose image and superscription hath it? They answered and said, Cæsar’s.

25And he said unto them, Render therefore unto Cæsar the things which be Cæsar’s, and unto God the things which be God’s.

26And they could not take hold of his words before the people: and they marvelled at his answer, and held their peace.

27Then came to him certain of the Sadducees, which deny that there is any resurrection; and they asked him,

28Saying, Master, Moses wrote unto us, If any man’s brother die, having a wife, and he die without children, that his brother should take his wife, and raise up seed unto his brother.

29There were therefore seven brethren: and the first took a wife, and died without children.

30And the second took her to wife, and he died childless.

31And the third took her; and in like manner the seven also: and they left no children, and died.

32Last of all the woman died also.

33Therefore in the resurrection whose wife of them is she? for seven had her to wife.

34And Jesus answering said unto them, The children of this world marry, and are given in marriage:

35But they which shall be accounted worthy to obtain that world, and the resurrection from the dead, neither marry, nor are given in marriage:

36Neither can they die any more: for they are equal unto the angels; and are the children of God, being the children of the resurrection.

37Now that the dead are raised, even Moses shewed at the bush, when he calleth the Lord the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.

38For he is not a God of the dead, but of the living: for all live unto him.

39Then certain of the scribes answering said, Master, thou hast well said.

40And after that they durst not ask him any question at all.

41And he said unto them, How say they that Christ is David’s son?

42And David himself saith in the book of Psalms, The Lord said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand,

43Till I make thine enemies thy footstool.

44David therefore calleth him Lord, how is he then his son?

45Then in the audience of all the people he said unto his disciples,

46Beware of the scribes, which desire to walk in long robes, and love greetings in the markets, and the highest seats in the synagogues, and the chief rooms at feasts;

47Which devour widows’ houses, and for a shew make long prayers: the same shall receive greater damnation.

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Historical context

The questioners arrive in identified groups: the chief priests and scribes with the elders, then spies sent by them, then Sadducees, whom the narrator describes as those which deny that there is any resurrection. Cesar appears only as the owner of the image and superscription on a coin. The narrator states the purpose of the spies, to deliver him to the power and authority of the governor, and the governor is not named in this chapter. The husbandmen, the servants and the son belong to a parable, and the narrator afterwards says the chief priests and scribes perceived that he had spoken this parable against them. The saying about the stone is introduced as something written, without a source named. The Moses reference is placed at the bush, and the psalm is attributed to David in the book of Psalms. No date appears anywhere in the chapter.

Cited passages: Luke 20:1, Luke 20:2, Luke 20:15, Luke 20:17, Luke 20:19, Luke 20:20, Luke 20:22, Luke 20:24, Luke 20:25, Luke 20:27, Luke 20:28, Luke 20:37, Luke 20:41, Luke 20:42, Luke 20:44, Luke 20:46

Literary context

The chapter is built out of questions. The opening exchange answers a question with a question and ends in a matched refusal, they cannot tell and he will not say. The parable escalates through three sendings, beaten, beaten and shamed, wounded and cast out, before the son is killed, and the hearers interrupt the ending with two words of protest. After each following exchange the narrator marks the silence that follows: they held their peace after the tribute answer, and they durst not ask him any question at all after the resurrection answer. Only then does Jesus ask a question of his own, about David's son, and nobody answers it. The closing warning about scribes who love the highest seats and devour widows' houses is followed immediately, at the start of the next chapter, by a poor widow giving everything she has.

Cited passages: Luke 20:2, Luke 20:3, Luke 20:4, Luke 20:7, Luke 20:8, Luke 20:10, Luke 20:11, Luke 20:12, Luke 20:14, Luke 20:15, Luke 20:16, Luke 20:17, Luke 20:19, Luke 20:26, Luke 20:39, Luke 20:40, Luke 20:41, Luke 20:44, Luke 20:46, Luke 20:47, Luke 21:2, Luke 21:4

Key moments

  1. By what authority? (Luke 20:2). The chief priests, scribes and elders challenge his authority in the temple.
  2. They could not tell (Luke 20:7). After weighing both answers they refuse to say where John’s baptism came from.
  3. The beloved son killed (Luke 20:15). In the parable the husbandmen cast the son out of the vineyard and kill him.
  4. The rejected stone (Luke 20:17). He asks them about the stone the builders rejected.
  5. Render unto Cesar (Luke 20:25). He answers the tribute question after asking whose image is on the penny.
  6. God of the living (Luke 20:38). He says God is not the God of the dead but of the living.
  7. Beware of the scribes (Luke 20:46). He warns the disciples about scribes who love the chief seats.

For reflection

The chief priests and scribes weigh both answers about John's baptism by what each will cost them, and then say they cannot tell. What does the chapter show about questions asked with an outcome already in mind?

People in this chapter

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