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The Histories · Old Testament

Judges 1

Early victories and peoples who remain in the land

General context

After Joshua's death, Israel asks who should fight first, and the Lord names Judah. Judah and Simeon cooperate in their allotted territories. At Bezek they defeat ten thousand men, capture Adoni-bezek and cut off his thumbs and great toes. He describes his earlier treatment of seventy kings and interprets his own punishment as God's repayment; he later dies in Jerusalem. The chapter reports Judah's capture and burning of Jerusalem, victories around Hebron and Debir, and Caleb's grant of Achsah to Othniel after he takes Debir. Achsah asks for and receives upper and lower springs. The Kenites settle with Judah, and further southern and coastal captures are recorded. Yet valley inhabitants with iron chariots remain, as do Jerusalem's Jebusites among Benjamin. Joseph's house captures Bethel with an informant's help and spares him and his family. A final series names tribes that fail to expel local inhabitants, sometimes imposing labour instead. The Amorites keep Dan in the hill country.

Cited passages: Judges 1:1, Judges 1:2, Judges 1:3, Judges 1:4, Judges 1:5, Judges 1:6, Judges 1:7, Judges 1:8, Judges 1:9, Judges 1:10, Judges 1:11, Judges 1:12, Judges 1:13, Judges 1:14, Judges 1:15, Judges 1:16, Judges 1:17, Judges 1:18, Judges 1:19, Judges 1:20, Judges 1:21, Judges 1:22, Judges 1:23, Judges 1:24, Judges 1:25, Judges 1:26, Judges 1:27, Judges 1:28, Judges 1:29, Judges 1:30, Judges 1:31, Judges 1:32, Judges 1:33, Judges 1:34, Judges 1:35, Judges 1:36

Judges 1 (KJV)

1Now after the death of Joshua it came to pass, that the children of Israel asked the Lord, saying, Who shall go up for us against the Canaanites first, to fight against them?

2And the Lord said, Judah shall go up: behold, I have delivered the land into his hand.

3And Judah said unto Simeon his brother, Come up with me into my lot, that we may fight against the Canaanites; and I likewise will go with thee into thy lot. So Simeon went with him.

4And Judah went up; and the Lord delivered the Canaanites and the Perizzites into their hand: and they slew of them in Bezek ten thousand men.

5And they found Adoni-bezek in Bezek: and they fought against him, and they slew the Canaanites and the Perizzites.

6But Adoni-bezek fled; and they pursued after him, and caught him, and cut off his thumbs and his great toes.

7And Adoni-bezek said, Threescore and ten kings, having their thumbs and their great toes cut off, gathered their meat under my table: as I have done, so God hath requited me. And they brought him to Jerusalem, and there he died.

8Now the children of Judah had fought against Jerusalem, and had taken it, and smitten it with the edge of the sword, and set the city on fire.

9And afterward the children of Judah went down to fight against the Canaanites, that dwelt in the mountain, and in the south, and in the valley.

10And Judah went against the Canaanites that dwelt in Hebron: (now the name of Hebron before was Kirjath-arba:) and they slew Sheshai, and Ahiman, and Talmai.

11And from thence he went against the inhabitants of Debir: and the name of Debir before was Kirjath-sepher:

12And Caleb said, He that smiteth Kirjath-sepher, and taketh it, to him will I give Achsah my daughter to wife.

13And Othniel the son of Kenaz, Caleb’s younger brother, took it: and he gave him Achsah his daughter to wife.

14And it came to pass, when she came to him, that she moved him to ask of her father a field: and she lighted from off her ass; and Caleb said unto her, What wilt thou?

15And she said unto him, Give me a blessing: for thou hast given me a south land; give me also springs of water. And Caleb gave her the upper springs and the nether springs.

16And the children of the Kenite, Moses’ father in law, went up out of the city of palm trees with the children of Judah into the wilderness of Judah, which lieth in the south of Arad; and they went and dwelt among the people.

17And Judah went with Simeon his brother, and they slew the Canaanites that inhabited Zephath, and utterly destroyed it. And the name of the city was called Hormah.

18Also Judah took Gaza with the coast thereof, and Askelon with the coast thereof, and Ekron with the coast thereof.

19And the Lord was with Judah; and he drave out the inhabitants of the mountain; but could not drive out the inhabitants of the valley, because they had chariots of iron.

20And they gave Hebron unto Caleb, as Moses said: and he expelled thence the three sons of Anak.

21And the children of Benjamin did not drive out the Jebusites that inhabited Jerusalem; but the Jebusites dwell with the children of Benjamin in Jerusalem unto this day.

22And the house of Joseph, they also went up against Beth-el: and the Lord was with them.

23And the house of Joseph sent to descry Beth-el. (Now the name of the city before was Luz.)

24And the spies saw a man come forth out of the city, and they said unto him, Shew us, we pray thee, the entrance into the city, and we will shew thee mercy.

25And when he shewed them the entrance into the city, they smote the city with the edge of the sword; but they let go the man and all his family.

26And the man went into the land of the Hittites, and built a city, and called the name thereof Luz: which is the name thereof unto this day.

27Neither did Manasseh drive out the inhabitants of Beth-shean and her towns, nor Taanach and her towns, nor the inhabitants of Dor and her towns, nor the inhabitants of Ibleam and her towns, nor the inhabitants of Megiddo and her towns: but the Canaanites would dwell in that land.

28And it came to pass, when Israel was strong, that they put the Canaanites to tribute, and did not utterly drive them out.

29Neither did Ephraim drive out the Canaanites that dwelt in Gezer; but the Canaanites dwelt in Gezer among them.

30Neither did Zebulun drive out the inhabitants of Kitron, nor the inhabitants of Nahalol; but the Canaanites dwelt among them, and became tributaries.

31Neither did Asher drive out the inhabitants of Accho, nor the inhabitants of Zidon, nor of Ahlab, nor of Achzib, nor of Helbah, nor of Aphik, nor of Rehob:

32But the Asherites dwelt among the Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land: for they did not drive them out.

33Neither did Naphtali drive out the inhabitants of Beth-shemesh, nor the inhabitants of Beth-anath; but he dwelt among the Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land: nevertheless the inhabitants of Beth-shemesh and of Beth-anath became tributaries unto them.

34And the Amorites forced the children of Dan into the mountain: for they would not suffer them to come down to the valley:

35But the Amorites would dwell in mount Heres in Aijalon, and in Shaalbim: yet the hand of the house of Joseph prevailed, so that they became tributaries.

36And the coast of the Amorites was from the going up to Akrabbim, from the rock, and upward.

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Historical context

Judah, Simeon and Joseph are tribal designations in these campaigns, not journeys by the patriarchs themselves. The Caleb, Othniel and Achsah episode parallels Joshua 15:13–19; the text does not provide a separate date to establish a second set of identical events. Jerusalem's capture in verse 8 and continued Jebusite residence in verse 21 are both retained without an invented sequence of recaptures. The Lord's presence with Judah is stated alongside failure in the iron-chariot valleys. KJV calls the imposed service tribute, while ASV and BBE specify taskwork or forced work. Bethel's informant remains unnamed, and his later city called Luz is located only in the land of the Hittites.

Cited passages: Judges 1:1, Judges 1:2, Judges 1:3, Judges 1:8, Judges 1:9, Judges 1:10, Judges 1:11, Judges 1:12, Judges 1:13, Judges 1:14, Judges 1:15, Judges 1:16, Judges 1:17, Judges 1:18, Judges 1:19, Judges 1:20, Judges 1:21, Judges 1:22, Judges 1:23, Judges 1:24, Judges 1:25, Judges 1:26, Judges 1:27, Judges 1:28, Judges 1:29, Judges 1:30, Judges 1:31, Judges 1:32, Judges 1:33, Judges 1:34, Judges 1:35, Joshua 15:13, Joshua 15:14, Joshua 15:15, Joshua 15:16, Joshua 15:17, Joshua 15:18, Joshua 15:19

Literary context

The opening question receives a clear answer, and the first accounts concentrate on named victories. Later, repeated statements that tribes did not drive out inhabitants change the pattern. In some places Canaanites live among Israelites; for Asher and Naphtali, Israelites are described as living among Canaanites. Dan's confinement makes that reversal especially clear. Adoni-bezek's own speech supplies the repayment interpretation, while the unnamed Bethel informant's rescue sits beside the destruction of his city.

Cited passages: Judges 1:1, Judges 1:2, Judges 1:3, Judges 1:4, Judges 1:5, Judges 1:6, Judges 1:7, Judges 1:8, Judges 1:19, Judges 1:20, Judges 1:21, Judges 1:22, Judges 1:23, Judges 1:24, Judges 1:25, Judges 1:26, Judges 1:27, Judges 1:28, Judges 1:29, Judges 1:30, Judges 1:31, Judges 1:32, Judges 1:33, Judges 1:34, Judges 1:35

Key moments

  1. Judah is named first (Judges 1:2). The Lord answers Israel's question by naming Judah for the first campaign.
  2. Achsah receives springs (Judges 1:15). Caleb grants upper and lower springs in response to her request.
  3. A family is spared at Bethel (Judges 1:25). The man who shows the entrance and his family are released while the city is attacked.
  4. Dan is confined to the hills (Judges 1:34). The Amorites prevent Dan's people from coming down into the valley.

For reflection

The chapter records victories and unfinished possession together. When you describe a result, which remaining difficulties need to stay visible alongside what was accomplished?

People in this chapter

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