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The Torah · Old Testament

Genesis 31

Jacob leaves Laban and makes a covenant at Gilead

General context

As relations with Laban's household worsen, the Lord tells Jacob to return to his kindred. Jacob tells Rachel and Leah about changed wages and divine help, including a dream directing him home. They agree to leave. Jacob departs with his family and possessions without telling Laban, while Rachel secretly takes her father's images. Laban pursues and overtakes them at Gilead after God warns him in a dream about speaking good or bad to Jacob. He accuses Jacob of fleeing secretly and stealing his gods. Jacob does not know about Rachel's theft and declares that whoever has them shall not live. Rachel conceals them and says she cannot rise because she is menstruating; the search fails. Jacob then recounts twenty years of hard service. The men establish a covenant with stones as witnesses, stipulating that Jacob must not mistreat Laban's daughters or take other wives, and that neither party will pass the stones to cause harm. They share a meal, and Laban leaves after blessing his family.

Cited passages: Genesis 31:1, Genesis 31:2, Genesis 31:3, Genesis 31:4, Genesis 31:5, Genesis 31:6, Genesis 31:7, Genesis 31:8, Genesis 31:9, Genesis 31:10, Genesis 31:11, Genesis 31:12, Genesis 31:13, Genesis 31:14, Genesis 31:15, Genesis 31:16, Genesis 31:17, Genesis 31:18, Genesis 31:19, Genesis 31:20, Genesis 31:21, Genesis 31:22, Genesis 31:23, Genesis 31:24, Genesis 31:25, Genesis 31:26, Genesis 31:27, Genesis 31:28, Genesis 31:29, Genesis 31:30, Genesis 31:31, Genesis 31:32, Genesis 31:33, Genesis 31:34, Genesis 31:35, Genesis 31:36, Genesis 31:37, Genesis 31:38, Genesis 31:39, Genesis 31:40, Genesis 31:41, Genesis 31:42, Genesis 31:43, Genesis 31:44, Genesis 31:45, Genesis 31:46, Genesis 31:47, Genesis 31:48, Genesis 31:49, Genesis 31:50, Genesis 31:51, Genesis 31:52, Genesis 31:53, Genesis 31:54, Genesis 31:55

Genesis 31 (KJV)

1And he heard the words of Laban’s sons, saying, Jacob hath taken away all that was our father’s; and of that which was our father’s hath he gotten all this glory.

2And Jacob beheld the countenance of Laban, and, behold, it was not toward him as before.

3And the Lord said unto Jacob, Return unto the land of thy fathers, and to thy kindred; and I will be with thee.

4And Jacob sent and called Rachel and Leah to the field unto his flock,

5And said unto them, I see your father’s countenance, that it is not toward me as before; but the God of my father hath been with me.

6And ye know that with all my power I have served your father.

7And your father hath deceived me, and changed my wages ten times; but God suffered him not to hurt me.

8If he said thus, The speckled shall be thy wages; then all the cattle bare speckled: and if he said thus, The ringstraked shall be thy hire; then bare all the cattle ringstraked.

9Thus God hath taken away the cattle of your father, and given them to me.

10And it came to pass at the time that the cattle conceived, that I lifted up mine eyes, and saw in a dream, and, behold, the rams which leaped upon the cattle were ringstraked, speckled, and grisled.

11And the angel of God spake unto me in a dream, saying, Jacob: And I said, Here am I.

12And he said, Lift up now thine eyes, and see, all the rams which leap upon the cattle are ringstraked, speckled, and grisled: for I have seen all that Laban doeth unto thee.

13I am the God of Beth-el, where thou anointedst the pillar, and where thou vowedst a vow unto me: now arise, get thee out from this land, and return unto the land of thy kindred.

14And Rachel and Leah answered and said unto him, Is there yet any portion or inheritance for us in our father’s house?

15Are we not counted of him strangers? for he hath sold us, and hath quite devoured also our money.

16For all the riches which God hath taken from our father, that is ours, and our children’s: now then, whatsoever God hath said unto thee, do.

17Then Jacob rose up, and set his sons and his wives upon camels;

18And he carried away all his cattle, and all his goods which he had gotten, the cattle of his getting, which he had gotten in Padan-aram, for to go to Isaac his father in the land of Canaan.

19And Laban went to shear his sheep: and Rachel had stolen the images that were her father’s.

20And Jacob stole away unawares to Laban the Syrian, in that he told him not that he fled.

21So he fled with all that he had; and he rose up, and passed over the river, and set his face toward the mount Gilead.

22And it was told Laban on the third day that Jacob was fled.

23And he took his brethren with him, and pursued after him seven days’ journey; and they overtook him in the mount Gilead.

24And God came to Laban the Syrian in a dream by night, and said unto him, Take heed that thou speak not to Jacob either good or bad.

25Then Laban overtook Jacob. Now Jacob had pitched his tent in the mount: and Laban with his brethren pitched in the mount of Gilead.

26And Laban said to Jacob, What hast thou done, that thou hast stolen away unawares to me, and carried away my daughters, as captives taken with the sword?

27Wherefore didst thou flee away secretly, and steal away from me; and didst not tell me, that I might have sent thee away with mirth, and with songs, with tabret, and with harp?

28And hast not suffered me to kiss my sons and my daughters? thou hast now done foolishly in so doing.

29It is in the power of my hand to do you hurt: but the God of your father spake unto me yesternight, saying, Take thou heed that thou speak not to Jacob either good or bad.

30And now, though thou wouldest needs be gone, because thou sore longedst after thy father’s house, yet wherefore hast thou stolen my gods?

31And Jacob answered and said to Laban, Because I was afraid: for I said, Peradventure thou wouldest take by force thy daughters from me.

32With whomsoever thou findest thy gods, let him not live: before our brethren discern thou what is thine with me, and take it to thee. For Jacob knew not that Rachel had stolen them.

33And Laban went into Jacob’s tent, and into Leah’s tent, and into the two maidservants’ tents; but he found them not. Then went he out of Leah’s tent, and entered into Rachel’s tent.

34Now Rachel had taken the images, and put them in the camel’s furniture, and sat upon them. And Laban searched all the tent, but found them not.

35And she said to her father, Let it not displease my lord that I cannot rise up before thee; for the custom of women is upon me. And he searched, but found not the images.

36And Jacob was wroth, and chode with Laban: and Jacob answered and said to Laban, What is my trespass? what is my sin, that thou hast so hotly pursued after me?

37Whereas thou hast searched all my stuff, what hast thou found of all thy household stuff? set it here before my brethren and thy brethren, that they may judge betwixt us both.

38This twenty years have I been with thee; thy ewes and thy she goats have not cast their young, and the rams of thy flock have I not eaten.

39That which was torn of beasts I brought not unto thee; I bare the loss of it; of my hand didst thou require it, whether stolen by day, or stolen by night.

40Thus I was; in the day the drought consumed me, and the frost by night; and my sleep departed from mine eyes.

41Thus have I been twenty years in thy house; I served thee fourteen years for thy two daughters, and six years for thy cattle: and thou hast changed my wages ten times.

42Except the God of my father, the God of Abraham, and the fear of Isaac, had been with me, surely thou hadst sent me away now empty. God hath seen mine affliction and the labour of my hands, and rebuked thee yesternight.

43And Laban answered and said unto Jacob, These daughters are my daughters, and these children are my children, and these cattle are my cattle, and all that thou seest is mine: and what can I do this day unto these my daughters, or unto their children which they have born?

44Now therefore come thou, let us make a covenant, I and thou; and let it be for a witness between me and thee.

45And Jacob took a stone, and set it up for a pillar.

46And Jacob said unto his brethren, Gather stones; and they took stones, and made an heap: and they did eat there upon the heap.

47And Laban called it Jegar-sahadutha: but Jacob called it Galeed.

48And Laban said, This heap is a witness between me and thee this day. Therefore was the name of it called Galeed;

49And Mizpah; for he said, The Lord watch between me and thee, when we are absent one from another.

50If thou shalt afflict my daughters, or if thou shalt take other wives beside my daughters, no man is with us; see, God is witness betwixt me and thee.

51And Laban said to Jacob, Behold this heap, and behold this pillar, which I have cast betwixt me and thee;

52This heap be witness, and this pillar be witness, that I will not pass over this heap to thee, and that thou shalt not pass over this heap and this pillar unto me, for harm.

53The God of Abraham, and the God of Nahor, the God of their father, judge betwixt us. And Jacob sware by the fear of his father Isaac.

54Then Jacob offered sacrifice upon the mount, and called his brethren to eat bread: and they did eat bread, and tarried all night in the mount.

55And early in the morning Laban rose up, and kissed his sons and his daughters, and blessed them: and Laban departed, and returned unto his place.

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Historical context

The departure begins while Laban is away shearing sheep. He hears of it on the third day and pursues for seven days before reaching Jacob in Gilead. The account gives no motive for Rachel taking the images. She hides them in the camel equipment and sits on them; her statement about menstruation explains her refusal to stand within the dialogue, without a separate narrator confirmation. Jacob describes fourteen years of service for the daughters and six for the flocks, along with ten wage changes. Laban and Jacob give the stone heap different names. Its witness function concerns treatment of the daughters and crossing to do harm, rather than a general ban on all future travel.

Cited passages: Genesis 31:19, Genesis 31:20, Genesis 31:21, Genesis 31:22, Genesis 31:23, Genesis 31:24, Genesis 31:30, Genesis 31:32, Genesis 31:33, Genesis 31:34, Genesis 31:35, Genesis 31:38, Genesis 31:39, Genesis 31:40, Genesis 31:41, Genesis 31:44, Genesis 31:45, Genesis 31:46, Genesis 31:47, Genesis 31:48, Genesis 31:49, Genesis 31:50, Genesis 31:51, Genesis 31:52, Genesis 31:53, Genesis 31:54, Genesis 31:55

Literary context

The narrator first tells the reader about Rachel's theft, then explicitly says Jacob does not know. That difference gives weight to his dangerous declaration before the search. The failed search leads into Jacob's angry account of labor, losses and divine protection. Laban answers with his own sweeping claim over the family and flocks, before proposing a covenant. Stones and shared food replace the unsuccessful search for physical proof with a public witness to agreed limits. The departure does not erase the conflicting accounts, but it ends the pursuit without violence.

Cited passages: Genesis 31:19, Genesis 31:24, Genesis 31:26, Genesis 31:27, Genesis 31:28, Genesis 31:29, Genesis 31:30, Genesis 31:31, Genesis 31:32, Genesis 31:33, Genesis 31:34, Genesis 31:35, Genesis 31:36, Genesis 31:37, Genesis 31:38, Genesis 31:39, Genesis 31:40, Genesis 31:41, Genesis 31:42, Genesis 31:43, Genesis 31:44, Genesis 31:45, Genesis 31:46, Genesis 31:48, Genesis 31:50, Genesis 31:52, Genesis 31:54, Genesis 31:55

Key moments

  1. Jacob is told to return (Genesis 31:3). The Lord directs Jacob to return to his fathers' land and kindred and promises to be with him.
  2. Jacob speaks without knowing of the theft (Genesis 31:32). Jacob declares that the person found with Laban's gods shall not live, while the narrator says he does not know Rachel took them.
  3. The stones mark a limit against harm (Genesis 31:52). Laban describes the heap and pillar as witnesses that neither party will cross to harm the other.
  4. Laban departs (Genesis 31:55). Laban kisses and blesses his family in the morning, then returns to his own place.

For reflection

What does the covenant settle, and which competing claims remain unresolved when Laban leaves?

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