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The Histories · Old Testament

2 Kings 19

2 Kings 19: Hezekiah spreads the letter before the Lord, and Sennacherib's army dies in the night

General context

Hearing Rab-shakeh's words, Hezekiah tears his clothes, puts on sackcloth and goes into the house of the Lord. He sends Eliakim, Shebna and the elders of the priests to Isaiah the son of Amoz, calling it a day of trouble, rebuke and blasphemy and asking him to pray for the remnant. Isaiah answers in the Lord's name: do not fear; the king of Assyria will hear a rumour, return home and fall by the sword there. Rab-shakeh finds his king at Libnah. When Sennacherib hears that Tirhakah king of Ethiopia is coming, he sends a letter warning Hezekiah not to let his God deceive him, listing lands and gods that did not escape. Hezekiah spreads the letter before the Lord and prays: the Lord alone is God of all kingdoms; Assyria destroyed nations and burned their gods because they were only wood and stone; he asks to be saved so that all kingdoms may know the Lord alone. Isaiah sends word that the prayer is heard and delivers a poem against Sennacherib: the daughter of Zion scorns him, his boasts of chariots and cedars reproach the Holy One of Israel, the Lord formed these events long ago and will put a hook in his nose and turn him back. A sign of three harvests and a remnant taking root is given, and the Lord says the king will not enter the city. That night the angel of the Lord kills a hundred and eighty-five thousand in the Assyrian camp. Sennacherib returns to Nineveh, where his sons kill him while he worships Nisroch, and Esarhaddon reigns.

Cited passages: 2 Kings 19:1, 2 Kings 19:2, 2 Kings 19:3, 2 Kings 19:4, 2 Kings 19:6, 2 Kings 19:7, 2 Kings 19:8, 2 Kings 19:9, 2 Kings 19:10, 2 Kings 19:12, 2 Kings 19:14, 2 Kings 19:15, 2 Kings 19:18, 2 Kings 19:19, 2 Kings 19:20, 2 Kings 19:21, 2 Kings 19:22, 2 Kings 19:23, 2 Kings 19:25, 2 Kings 19:28, 2 Kings 19:29, 2 Kings 19:30, 2 Kings 19:32, 2 Kings 19:34, 2 Kings 19:35, 2 Kings 19:36, 2 Kings 19:37

2 Kings 19 (KJV)

1And it came to pass, when king Hezekiah heard it, that he rent his clothes, and covered himself with sackcloth, and went into the house of the Lord.

2And he sent Eliakim, which was over the household, and Shebna the scribe, and the elders of the priests, covered with sackcloth, to Isaiah the prophet the son of Amoz.

3And they said unto him, Thus saith Hezekiah, This day is a day of trouble, and of rebuke, and blasphemy: for the children are come to the birth, and there is not strength to bring forth.

4It may be the Lord thy God will hear all the words of Rab-shakeh, whom the king of Assyria his master hath sent to reproach the living God; and will reprove the words which the Lord thy God hath heard: wherefore lift up thy prayer for the remnant that are left.

5So the servants of king Hezekiah came to Isaiah.

6And Isaiah said unto them, Thus shall ye say to your master, Thus saith the Lord, Be not afraid of the words which thou hast heard, with which the servants of the king of Assyria have blasphemed me.

7Behold, I will send a blast upon him, and he shall hear a rumour, and shall return to his own land; and I will cause him to fall by the sword in his own land.

8So Rab-shakeh returned, and found the king of Assyria warring against Libnah: for he had heard that he was departed from Lachish.

9And when he heard say of Tirhakah king of Ethiopia, Behold, he is come out to fight against thee: he sent messengers again unto Hezekiah, saying,

10Thus shall ye speak to Hezekiah king of Judah, saying, Let not thy God in whom thou trustest deceive thee, saying, Jerusalem shall not be delivered into the hand of the king of Assyria.

11Behold, thou hast heard what the kings of Assyria have done to all lands, by destroying them utterly: and shalt thou be delivered?

12Have the gods of the nations delivered them which my fathers have destroyed; as Gozan, and Haran, and Rezeph, and the children of Eden which were in Thelasar?

13Where is the king of Hamath, and the king of Arpad, and the king of the city of Sepharvaim, of Hena, and Ivah?

14And Hezekiah received the letter of the hand of the messengers, and read it: and Hezekiah went up into the house of the Lord, and spread it before the Lord.

15And Hezekiah prayed before the Lord, and said, O Lord God of Israel, which dwellest between the cherubims, thou art the God, even thou alone, of all the kingdoms of the earth; thou hast made heaven and earth.

16Lord, bow down thine ear, and hear: open, Lord, thine eyes, and see: and hear the words of Sennacherib, which hath sent him to reproach the living God.

17Of a truth, Lord, the kings of Assyria have destroyed the nations and their lands,

18And have cast their gods into the fire: for they were no gods, but the work of men’s hands, wood and stone: therefore they have destroyed them.

19Now therefore, O Lord our God, I beseech thee, save thou us out of his hand, that all the kingdoms of the earth may know that thou art the Lord God, even thou only.

20Then Isaiah the son of Amoz sent to Hezekiah, saying, Thus saith the Lord God of Israel, That which thou hast prayed to me against Sennacherib king of Assyria I have heard.

21This is the word that the Lord hath spoken concerning him; The virgin the daughter of Zion hath despised thee, and laughed thee to scorn; the daughter of Jerusalem hath shaken her head at thee.

22Whom hast thou reproached and blasphemed? and against whom hast thou exalted thy voice, and lifted up thine eyes on high? even against the Holy One of Israel.

23By thy messengers thou hast reproached the Lord, and hast said, With the multitude of my chariots I am come up to the height of the mountains, to the sides of Lebanon, and will cut down the tall cedar trees thereof, and the choice fir trees thereof: and I will enter into the lodgings of his borders, and into the forest of his Carmel.

24I have digged and drunk strange waters, and with the sole of my feet have I dried up all the rivers of besieged places.

25Hast thou not heard long ago how I have done it, and of ancient times that I have formed it? now have I brought it to pass, that thou shouldest be to lay waste fenced cities into ruinous heaps.

26Therefore their inhabitants were of small power, they were dismayed and confounded; they were as the grass of the field, and as the green herb, as the grass on the housetops, and as corn blasted before it be grown up.

27But I know thy abode, and thy going out, and thy coming in, and thy rage against me.

28Because thy rage against me and thy tumult is come up into mine ears, therefore I will put my hook in thy nose, and my bridle in thy lips, and I will turn thee back by the way by which thou camest.

29And this shall be a sign unto thee, Ye shall eat this year such things as grow of themselves, and in the second year that which springeth of the same; and in the third year sow ye, and reap, and plant vineyards, and eat the fruits thereof.

30And the remnant that is escaped of the house of Judah shall yet again take root downward, and bear fruit upward.

31For out of Jerusalem shall go forth a remnant, and they that escape out of mount Zion: the zeal of the Lord of hosts shall do this.

32Therefore thus saith the Lord concerning the king of Assyria, He shall not come into this city, nor shoot an arrow there, nor come before it with shield, nor cast a bank against it.

33By the way that he came, by the same shall he return, and shall not come into this city, saith the Lord.

34For I will defend this city, to save it, for mine own sake, and for my servant David’s sake.

35And it came to pass that night, that the angel of the Lord went out, and smote in the camp of the Assyrians an hundred fourscore and five thousand: and when they arose early in the morning, behold, they were all dead corpses.

36So Sennacherib king of Assyria departed, and went and returned, and dwelt at Nineveh.

37And it came to pass, as he was worshipping in the house of Nisroch his god, that Adrammelech and Sharezer his sons smote him with the sword: and they escaped into the land of Armenia. And Esar-haddon his son reigned in his stead.

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Historical context

Isaiah the son of Amoz enters 2 Kings here for the first time, and the text identifies him only as the prophet. Hezekiah's message calls the day one of blasphemy and asks Isaiah to pray, so the first prayer requested is the prophet's, and Hezekiah's own prayer comes only after the second message. Two Assyrian communications are distinguished: Rab-shakeh's spoken words in chapter 18 and a letter carried by messengers after the report about Tirhakah. Tirhakah is called king of Ethiopia; whether he fought is not told. Sennacherib is named in the narrator's account and in Hezekiah's prayer, and the oracle addresses him in the second person. The words of verses 21 to 34 are given as the Lord's word sent through Isaiah, not the prophet's own. The killing of a hundred and eighty-five thousand is attributed to the angel of the Lord in one night, and the narrator gives no other cause. The manner of Sennacherib's death, by his sons in the house of his god, matches Isaiah's earlier word that he would fall by the sword in his own land, and the narrator sets it after his return to Nineveh without saying how long after. Esarhaddon is named only as his successor. Isaiah 37 tells the same events in nearly the same words. The chapter does not date the events beyond the fourteenth year given in chapter 18.

Cited passages: 2 Kings 19:2, 2 Kings 19:4, 2 Kings 19:15, 2 Kings 19:14, 2 Kings 19:9, 2 Kings 19:16, 2 Kings 19:20, 2 Kings 19:21, 2 Kings 19:35, 2 Kings 19:7, 2 Kings 19:37, 2 Kings 19:36, Isaiah 37:36, 2 Kings 18:13

Literary context

The chapter answers the previous one point by point. Rab-shakeh asked what Hezekiah trusts in; here Hezekiah goes into the house of the Lord, and later spreads the enemy's letter there. The Assyrian message repeats the list of conquered gods, and Hezekiah's prayer agrees with the fact, the nations were destroyed and their gods burned, but reverses its meaning: those gods were wood and stone, and the Lord alone made heaven and earth. Assyria's argument thus becomes the ground of the prayer. The oracle takes the king's own boasts, chariots, cedars, dried rivers, and answers that the Lord formed these events long ago, so the conqueror is an instrument, then turns the image of the hook and bridle back on him. Prose frames poetry: sackcloth and messengers before, a single night and a death notice after. The sign of harvests over three years and the remnant taking root give the deliverance a future beyond the night. The narrator gives the death of the army one verse and no description beyond the morning discovery of corpses, and closes with Sennacherib killed in his god's house, a scene set against Hezekiah praying in the Lord's.

Cited passages: 2 Kings 19:1, 2 Kings 19:14, 2 Kings 19:13, 2 Kings 19:17, 2 Kings 19:18, 2 Kings 19:15, 2 Kings 19:23, 2 Kings 19:24, 2 Kings 19:25, 2 Kings 19:28, 2 Kings 19:31, 2 Kings 19:35, 2 Kings 19:37

Key moments

  1. Sackcloth in the house of the Lord (2 Kings 19:1). Hezekiah tears his clothes, puts on sackcloth and goes into the temple.
  2. Isaiah's first answer (2 Kings 19:7). The Lord promises a rumour, a return home and death by the sword for the king of Assyria.
  3. The letter spread before the Lord (2 Kings 19:14). Hezekiah reads Sennacherib's letter and lays it open in the temple.
  4. That all kingdoms may know (2 Kings 19:19). Hezekiah asks for rescue so that every kingdom may know the Lord alone is God.
  5. A hook in the nose (2 Kings 19:28). The oracle says the Lord will turn Sennacherib back by the way he came.
  6. The camp dead by morning (2 Kings 19:35). The angel of the Lord kills a hundred and eighty-five thousand in the Assyrian camp overnight.
  7. Sennacherib killed by his sons (2 Kings 19:37). Adrammelech and Sharezer kill their father in the house of Nisroch, and Esarhaddon reigns.

For reflection

Hezekiah's prayer accepts everything Sennacherib says about the ruined nations and their burned gods, then asks to be saved so that all kingdoms may know the Lord alone. What changes when the same facts are spoken as a prayer rather than as a threat?

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