The Histories · Old Testament
2 Kings 18
2 Kings 18: Hezekiah's reforms and Rab-shakeh's speech at the wall
General context
Hezekiah the son of Ahaz begins to reign over Judah at twenty-five and reigns twenty-nine years; his mother is Abi. The narrator says he does right as David did, removes the high places, breaks the images and groves, and breaks in pieces the brasen serpent Moses made, which Israel had been burning incense to; he calls it Nehushtan. He trusts in the Lord as no king of Judah before or after him, rebels against Assyria, and smites the Philistines to Gaza. The narrator restates Samaria's fall in Hezekiah's sixth year. In his fourteenth year Sennacherib takes Judah's fenced cities. Hezekiah sends to Lachish admitting offence, is assessed three hundred talents of silver and thirty of gold, and pays with the temple silver and the gold stripped from the temple doors and pillars. The king of Assyria then sends Tartan, Rabsaris and Rab-shakeh with a great host to Jerusalem. Eliakim, Shebna and Joah meet them, and Rab-shakeh delivers the great king's message: what does Hezekiah trust in? Egypt is a bruised reed, the Lord's own altars have been removed by Hezekiah, and the Lord himself sent Assyria. Asked to speak Syrian rather than the Jews' language, he refuses and cries aloud to the men on the wall not to let Hezekiah make them trust in the Lord, promising a land like their own and asking which god has ever delivered its land. The people keep silent at the king's command, and the officials return to Hezekiah with torn clothes.
Cited passages: 2 Kings 18:1, 2 Kings 18:2, 2 Kings 18:3, 2 Kings 18:4, 2 Kings 18:5, 2 Kings 18:7, 2 Kings 18:8, 2 Kings 18:10, 2 Kings 18:12, 2 Kings 18:13, 2 Kings 18:14, 2 Kings 18:15, 2 Kings 18:16, 2 Kings 18:17, 2 Kings 18:18, 2 Kings 18:19, 2 Kings 18:21, 2 Kings 18:22, 2 Kings 18:23, 2 Kings 18:25, 2 Kings 18:26, 2 Kings 18:28, 2 Kings 18:30, 2 Kings 18:31, 2 Kings 18:32, 2 Kings 18:33, 2 Kings 18:36, 2 Kings 18:37
2 Kings 18 (KJV)
1Now it came to pass in the third year of Hoshea son of Elah king of Israel, that Hezekiah the son of Ahaz king of Judah began to reign.
2Twenty and five years old was he when he began to reign; and he reigned twenty and nine years in Jerusalem. His mother’s name also was Abi, the daughter of Zachariah.
3And he did that which was right in the sight of the Lord, according to all that David his father did.
4He removed the high places, and brake the images, and cut down the groves, and brake in pieces the brasen serpent that Moses had made: for unto those days the children of Israel did burn incense to it: and he called it Nehushtan.
5He trusted in the Lord God of Israel; so that after him was none like him among all the kings of Judah, nor any that were before him.
6For he clave to the Lord, and departed not from following him, but kept his commandments, which the Lord commanded Moses.
7And the Lord was with him; and he prospered whithersoever he went forth: and he rebelled against the king of Assyria, and served him not.
8He smote the Philistines, even unto Gaza, and the borders thereof, from the tower of the watchmen to the fenced city.
9And it came to pass in the fourth year of king Hezekiah, which was the seventh year of Hoshea son of Elah king of Israel, that Shalmaneser king of Assyria came up against Samaria, and besieged it.
10And at the end of three years they took it: even in the sixth year of Hezekiah, that is the ninth year of Hoshea king of Israel, Samaria was taken.
11And the king of Assyria did carry away Israel unto Assyria, and put them in Halah and in Habor by the river of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes:
12Because they obeyed not the voice of the Lord their God, but transgressed his covenant, and all that Moses the servant of the Lord commanded, and would not hear them, nor do them.
13Now in the fourteenth year of king Hezekiah did Sennacherib king of Assyria come up against all the fenced cities of Judah, and took them.
14And Hezekiah king of Judah sent to the king of Assyria to Lachish, saying, I have offended; return from me: that which thou puttest on me will I bear. And the king of Assyria appointed unto Hezekiah king of Judah three hundred talents of silver and thirty talents of gold.
15And Hezekiah gave him all the silver that was found in the house of the Lord, and in the treasures of the king’s house.
16At that time did Hezekiah cut off the gold from the doors of the temple of the Lord, and from the pillars which Hezekiah king of Judah had overlaid, and gave it to the king of Assyria.
17And the king of Assyria sent Tartan and Rabsaris and Rab-shakeh from Lachish to king Hezekiah with a great host against Jerusalem. And they went up and came to Jerusalem. And when they were come up, they came and stood by the conduit of the upper pool, which is in the highway of the fuller’s field.
18And when they had called to the king, there came out to them Eliakim the son of Hilkiah, which was over the household, and Shebna the scribe, and Joah the son of Asaph the recorder.
19And Rab-shakeh said unto them, Speak ye now to Hezekiah, Thus saith the great king, the king of Assyria, What confidence is this wherein thou trustest?
20Thou sayest, (but they are but vain words,) I have counsel and strength for the war. Now on whom dost thou trust, that thou rebellest against me?
21Now, behold, thou trustest upon the staff of this bruised reed, even upon Egypt, on which if a man lean, it will go into his hand, and pierce it: so is Pharaoh king of Egypt unto all that trust on him.
22But if ye say unto me, We trust in the Lord our God: is not that he, whose high places and whose altars Hezekiah hath taken away, and hath said to Judah and Jerusalem, Ye shall worship before this altar in Jerusalem?
23Now therefore, I pray thee, give pledges to my lord the king of Assyria, and I will deliver thee two thousand horses, if thou be able on thy part to set riders upon them.
24How then wilt thou turn away the face of one captain of the least of my master’s servants, and put thy trust on Egypt for chariots and for horsemen?
25Am I now come up without the Lord against this place to destroy it? The Lord said to me, Go up against this land, and destroy it.
26Then said Eliakim the son of Hilkiah, and Shebna, and Joah, unto Rab-shakeh, Speak, I pray thee, to thy servants in the Syrian language; for we understand it: and talk not with us in the Jews’ language in the ears of the people that are on the wall.
27But Rab-shakeh said unto them, Hath my master sent me to thy master, and to thee, to speak these words? hath he not sent me to the men which sit on the wall, that they may eat their own dung, and drink their own piss with you?
28Then Rab-shakeh stood and cried with a loud voice in the Jews’ language, and spake, saying, Hear the word of the great king, the king of Assyria:
29Thus saith the king, Let not Hezekiah deceive you: for he shall not be able to deliver you out of his hand:
30Neither let Hezekiah make you trust in the Lord, saying, The Lord will surely deliver us, and this city shall not be delivered into the hand of the king of Assyria.
31Hearken not to Hezekiah: for thus saith the king of Assyria, Make an agreement with me by a present, and come out to me, and then eat ye every man of his own vine, and every one of his fig tree, and drink ye every one the waters of his cistern:
32Until I come and take you away to a land like your own land, a land of corn and wine, a land of bread and vineyards, a land of oil olive and of honey, that ye may live, and not die: and hearken not unto Hezekiah, when he persuadeth you, saying, The Lord will deliver us.
33Hath any of the gods of the nations delivered at all his land out of the hand of the king of Assyria?
34Where are the gods of Hamath, and of Arpad? where are the gods of Sepharvaim, Hena, and Ivah? have they delivered Samaria out of mine hand?
35Who are they among all the gods of the countries, that have delivered their country out of mine hand, that the Lord should deliver Jerusalem out of mine hand?
36But the people held their peace, and answered him not a word: for the king’s commandment was, saying, Answer him not.
37Then came Eliakim the son of Hilkiah, which was over the household, and Shebna the scribe, and Joah the son of Asaph the recorder, to Hezekiah with their clothes rent, and told him the words of Rab-shakeh.
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Historical context
Two Assyrian kings appear: Shalmaneser, who besieges Samaria, and Sennacherib, who invades Judah in Hezekiah's fourteenth year; the narrator does not say who took Samaria in verse 10, only that they took it. The fall of Samaria is dated to Hezekiah's sixth year and Hoshea's ninth. The chapter gives two stages of the Assyrian crisis: a tribute settlement negotiated at Lachish, and a later embassy demanding surrender. The text does not explain why the embassy follows the payment. The brasen serpent is identified with the one Moses made, and the narrator, not Hezekiah, reports that Israel had burned incense to it. Tartan, Rabsaris and Rab-shakeh are given as titles or names without explanation, and only Rab-shakeh speaks. Everything he says is quoted as the message of the king of Assyria, including the claim that the Lord sent him; the narrator neither confirms nor denies it. His argument that Hezekiah removed the Lord's altars turns the reform of verse 4 into an accusation. The language exchange shows the officials wanting Syrian and Rab-shakeh choosing the Jews' language for the people on the wall. The gods he names, of Hamath, Arpad, Sepharvaim, Hena and Ivah, overlap with the nations settled in Samaria in the previous chapter. The chapter ends without any reply from Hezekiah; his response comes in the next chapter. Isaiah 36 tells the same embassy in nearly the same words.
Cited passages: 2 Kings 18:9, 2 Kings 18:10, 2 Kings 18:13, 2 Kings 18:14, 2 Kings 18:17, 2 Kings 18:4, 2 Kings 18:25, 2 Kings 18:22, 2 Kings 18:26, 2 Kings 18:34, 2 Kings 17:24, 2 Kings 18:37, Isaiah 36:2
Literary context
The chapter opens with the strongest praise Kings gives any king of Judah, and the word that carries it is trust: he trusted in the Lord. Rab-shakeh's speech is built on the same word turned into a question, what confidence is this wherein thou trustest, and he works through every possible answer, Egypt, the Lord, horses, and dismisses each. The narrator lets the enemy speak at length while Hezekiah is absent, and during the embassy the only Judahite words are the officials' plea about language and the report of the king's command not to answer. Rab-shakeh's offer of vine, fig tree and cistern borrows the language of settled peace and attaches it to deportation, a land like your own land. His list of fallen gods ends on Samaria, which the chapter has just recalled, so the threat lands on a wound the reader has seen. The tribute scene, in which Hezekiah strips the temple gold he himself had overlaid, sits between the praise and the siege and complicates the portrait rather than cancelling it. The chapter closes on torn clothes and reported words, leaving the answer to the next chapter.
Cited passages: 2 Kings 18:5, 2 Kings 18:19, 2 Kings 18:20, 2 Kings 18:21, 2 Kings 18:24, 2 Kings 18:26, 2 Kings 18:36, 2 Kings 18:31, 2 Kings 18:32, 2 Kings 18:34, 2 Kings 18:11, 2 Kings 18:16, 2 Kings 18:37
Key moments
- Nehushtan broken (2 Kings 18:4). Hezekiah removes the high places and breaks the brasen serpent Moses made.
- None like him for trust (2 Kings 18:5). The narrator says Hezekiah trusted in the Lord as no king of Judah before or after.
- Samaria's fall restated (2 Kings 18:10). The narrator dates the taking of Samaria to Hezekiah's sixth year.
- Tribute stripped from the temple (2 Kings 18:16). Hezekiah cuts the gold from the temple doors and pillars to pay Sennacherib.
- What confidence is this? (2 Kings 18:19). Rab-shakeh delivers the king of Assyria's challenge to Hezekiah's trust.
- Shouted in the Jews' language (2 Kings 18:28). Rab-shakeh refuses to speak Syrian and addresses the people on the wall directly.
- The people keep silent (2 Kings 18:36). The people answer nothing because the king has commanded them not to.
For reflection
Rab-shakeh argues that the very altars Hezekiah removed were the Lord's, and asks on whom Hezekiah trusts. Reading his speech alongside the narrator's praise, where does the chapter locate the difference between trust and the appearance of trust?
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