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The Histories · Old Testament

1 Chronicles 11

1 Chronicles 11: David anointed at Hebron, Jebus taken and the mighty men

General context

All Israel gathers to David at Hebron, saying "we are thy bone and thy flesh", recalling that he led Israel even under Saul, and citing the Lord's word that he would feed and rule Israel. The elders make a covenant with him before the Lord and anoint him king "according to the word of the Lord by Samuel". David and all Israel go to Jerusalem, "which is Jebus"; the inhabitants say he shall not enter, but David takes the castle of Zion. He promises that whoever strikes the Jebusites first shall be chief, and Joab the son of Zeruiah goes up first. David dwells in the castle, builds the city from Millo, Joab repairs the rest, and "David waxed greater and greater: for the Lord of hosts was with him." The chapter then lists the mighty men who helped make him king: Jashobeam, chief of the captains, who killed three hundred at once; Eleazar the son of Dodo, who with David held a barley field at Pas–dammim; three of the thirty who broke through the Philistine host to draw water from the well of Beth–lehem, which David poured out to the Lord rather than drink "the blood of these men"; Abishai, chief of the three; Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, who killed two lionlike men of Moab, a lion in a pit on a snowy day, and an Egyptian five cubits tall with his own spear, and whom David set over his guard. A long roll of the valiant men follows, including Asahel, Uriah the Hittite, Zelek the Ammonite and Ithmah the Moabite.

Cited passages: 1 Chronicles 11:1, 1 Chronicles 11:2, 1 Chronicles 11:3, 1 Chronicles 11:4, 1 Chronicles 11:5, 1 Chronicles 11:6, 1 Chronicles 11:8, 1 Chronicles 11:9, 1 Chronicles 11:11, 1 Chronicles 11:13, 1 Chronicles 11:14, 1 Chronicles 11:17, 1 Chronicles 11:18, 1 Chronicles 11:19, 1 Chronicles 11:20, 1 Chronicles 11:22, 1 Chronicles 11:23, 1 Chronicles 11:25, 1 Chronicles 11:26, 1 Chronicles 11:41, 1 Chronicles 11:39, 1 Chronicles 11:46

1 Chronicles 11 (KJV)

1Then all Israel gathered themselves to David unto Hebron, saying, Behold, we are thy bone and thy flesh.

2And moreover in time past, even when Saul was king, thou wast he that leddest out and broughtest in Israel: and the Lord thy God said unto thee, Thou shalt feed my people Israel, and thou shalt be ruler over my people Israel.

3Therefore came all the elders of Israel to the king to Hebron; and David made a covenant with them in Hebron before the Lord; and they anointed David king over Israel, according to the word of the Lord by Samuel.

4And David and all Israel went to Jerusalem, which is Jebus; where the Jebusites were, the inhabitants of the land.

5And the inhabitants of Jebus said to David, Thou shalt not come hither. Nevertheless David took the castle of Zion, which is the city of David.

6And David said, Whosoever smiteth the Jebusites first shall be chief and captain. So Joab the son of Zeruiah went first up, and was chief.

7And David dwelt in the castle; therefore they called it the city of David.

8And he built the city round about, even from Millo round about: and Joab repaired the rest of the city.

9So David waxed greater and greater: for the Lord of hosts was with him.

10These also are the chief of the mighty men whom David had, who strengthened themselves with him in his kingdom, and with all Israel, to make him king, according to the word of the Lord concerning Israel.

11And this is the number of the mighty men whom David had; Jashobeam, an Hachmonite, the chief of the captains: he lifted up his spear against three hundred slain by him at one time.

12And after him was Eleazar the son of Dodo, the Ahohite, who was one of the three mighties.

13He was with David at Pas-dammim, and there the Philistines were gathered together to battle, where was a parcel of ground full of barley; and the people fled from before the Philistines.

14And they set themselves in the midst of that parcel, and delivered it, and slew the Philistines; and the Lord saved them by a great deliverance.

15Now three of the thirty captains went down to the rock to David, into the cave of Adullam; and the host of the Philistines encamped in the valley of Rephaim.

16And David was then in the hold, and the Philistines’ garrison was then at Beth-lehem.

17And David longed, and said, Oh that one would give me drink of the water of the well of Beth-lehem, that is at the gate!

18And the three brake through the host of the Philistines, and drew water out of the well of Beth-lehem, that was by the gate, and took it, and brought it to David: but David would not drink of it, but poured it out to the Lord,

19And said, My God forbid it me, that I should do this thing: shall I drink the blood of these men that have put their lives in jeopardy? for with the jeopardy of their lives they brought it. Therefore he would not drink it. These things did these three mightiest.

20And Abishai the brother of Joab, he was chief of the three: for lifting up his spear against three hundred, he slew them, and had a name among the three.

21Of the three, he was more honourable than the two; for he was their captain: howbeit he attained not to the first three.

22Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, the son of a valiant man of Kabzeel, who had done many acts; he slew two lionlike men of Moab: also he went down and slew a lion in a pit in a snowy day.

23And he slew an Egyptian, a man of great stature, five cubits high; and in the Egyptian’s hand was a spear like a weaver’s beam; and he went down to him with a staff, and plucked the spear out of the Egyptian’s hand, and slew him with his own spear.

24These things did Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and had the name among the three mighties.

25Behold, he was honourable among the thirty, but attained not to the first three: and David set him over his guard.

26Also the valiant men of the armies were, Asahel the brother of Joab, Elhanan the son of Dodo of Beth-lehem,

27Shammoth the Harorite, Helez the Pelonite,

28Ira the son of Ikkesh the Tekoite, Abi-ezer the Antothite,

29Sibbecai the Hushathite, Ilai the Ahohite,

30Maharai the Netophathite, Heled the son of Baanah the Netophathite,

31Ithai the son of Ribai of Gibeah, that pertained to the children of Benjamin, Benaiah the Pirathonite,

32Hurai of the brooks of Gaash, Abiel the Arbathite,

33Azmaveth the Baharumite, Eliahba the Shaalbonite,

34The sons of Hashem the Gizonite, Jonathan the son of Shage the Hararite,

35Ahiam the son of Sacar the Hararite, Eliphal the son of Ur,

36Hepher the Mecherathite, Ahijah the Pelonite,

37Hezro the Carmelite, Naarai the son of Ezbai,

38Joel the brother of Nathan, Mibhar the son of Haggeri,

39Zelek the Ammonite, Naharai the Berothite, the armourbearer of Joab the son of Zeruiah,

40Ira the Ithrite, Gareb the Ithrite,

41Uriah the Hittite, Zabad the son of Ahlai,

42Adina the son of Shiza the Reubenite, a captain of the Reubenites, and thirty with him,

43Hanan the son of Maachah, and Joshaphat the Mithnite,

44Uzzia the Ashterathite, Shama and Jehiel the sons of Hothan the Aroerite,

45Jediael the son of Shimri, and Joha his brother, the Tizite,

46Eliel the Mahavite, and Jeribai, and Joshaviah, the sons of Elnaam, and Ithmah the Moabite,

47Eliel, and Obed, and Jasiel the Mesobaite.

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Historical context

The chapter moves straight from Saul's death to David anointed over all Israel at Hebron; it does not narrate a separate reign over Judah, though chapter 3 recorded seven and a half years at Hebron. The anointing is said to follow "the word of the Lord by Samuel", a word the book does not quote. The narrator identifies Jerusalem with Jebus and the castle of Zion with the city of David, and credits Joab's rank to the assault. The rankings among the mighty men are hard to follow in the KJV wording: Abishai is "chief of the three" and "more honourable than the two" yet "attained not to the first three", and the same phrase is used of Benaiah. The roll after verse 26 runs to well over thirty names and includes non-Israelites, an Ammonite, a Moabite and Uriah the Hittite, listed without comment. The barley-field episode uses a plural, "they set themselves", so the deliverance is not attributed to Eleazar alone. The Adullam story is not dated, and the well is placed only "by the gate" of Beth–lehem, where a Philistine garrison then stood.

Cited passages: 1 Chronicles 11:3, 1 Chronicles 11:4, 1 Chronicles 11:5, 1 Chronicles 11:21, 1 Chronicles 11:25, 1 Chronicles 11:39, 1 Chronicles 11:46, 1 Chronicles 11:41, 1 Chronicles 11:14, 1 Chronicles 11:16

Literary context

Two halves make the chapter. The first is a quick sequence of public acts: gathering, covenant, anointing, conquest, building, growth, each closed by a summary line. The second is a roster, but the narrator interrupts it with anecdotes so that the names carry stories. The phrase "according to the word of the Lord" appears at the anointing and again at the head of the roster, binding the soldiers' loyalty to the same divine word as the kingship. The water from Beth–lehem is the centre: David's longing produces an act of daring, and his refusal turns the gift into an offering, "poured it out to the Lord". Benaiah's three exploits are told with vivid particulars, the snowy day, the spear like a weaver's beam, and end with a plain appointment. The list then runs down without comment, so the reader leaves the chapter among ordinary names, some of them foreign.

Cited passages: 1 Chronicles 11:3, 1 Chronicles 11:10, 1 Chronicles 11:9, 1 Chronicles 11:18, 1 Chronicles 11:19, 1 Chronicles 11:23, 1 Chronicles 11:22, 1 Chronicles 11:47

Key moments

  1. Thy bone and thy flesh (1 Chronicles 11:1). All Israel gathers to David at Hebron and claims kinship with him.
  2. Anointed king over Israel (1 Chronicles 11:3). The elders make a covenant with David and anoint him according to the word by Samuel.
  3. Joab first into Jebus (1 Chronicles 11:6). David promises the chief place to whoever strikes first, and Joab wins it.
  4. The barley field held (1 Chronicles 11:14). Eleazar and David stand in the field and the Lord saves them.
  5. Water poured out to the Lord (1 Chronicles 11:18). Three men bring water from Beth–lehem's well and David refuses to drink it.
  6. Benaiah's exploits (1 Chronicles 11:22). Benaiah kills two men of Moab and a lion in a pit on a snowy day.
  7. Uriah among the valiant (1 Chronicles 11:41). The roll of David's soldiers includes Uriah the Hittite without comment.

For reflection

Three men risk their lives to bring David a drink he asked for, and he pours it on the ground rather than swallow what he calls their blood. What does that gesture say about the difference between wanting something and being willing to receive it?

People in this chapter

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