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The Histories · Old Testament

Joshua 22

An altar by the Jordan nearly brings war

General context

Joshua commends Reuben, Gad and half Manasseh for keeping their charge alongside the other tribes. He sends them back to their eastern holdings with a blessing, an instruction to share the spoil and a charge to love and serve the Lord. Near the Jordan they build a conspicuous altar. The other Israelites gather at Shiloh for war, then send Phinehas and ten leaders to confront the builders. The delegation sees the altar as rebellion, recalls the communal consequences of Peor and Achan, and offers land on its own side if the eastern territory is unclean. The eastern tribes deny intending another place for sacrifices. They explain their fear that future western descendants might use the Jordan boundary to exclude their children from the Lord. The altar's resemblance to the Lord's altar is meant as a witness to shared worship. Phinehas accepts the explanation and reports it back. Israel blesses God and abandons the planned attack. Reuben and Gad call the altar Ed, explaining it as a witness that the Lord is God.

Cited passages: Joshua 22:1, Joshua 22:2, Joshua 22:3, Joshua 22:4, Joshua 22:5, Joshua 22:6, Joshua 22:7, Joshua 22:8, Joshua 22:9, Joshua 22:10, Joshua 22:11, Joshua 22:12, Joshua 22:13, Joshua 22:14, Joshua 22:15, Joshua 22:16, Joshua 22:17, Joshua 22:18, Joshua 22:19, Joshua 22:20, Joshua 22:21, Joshua 22:22, Joshua 22:23, Joshua 22:24, Joshua 22:25, Joshua 22:26, Joshua 22:27, Joshua 22:28, Joshua 22:29, Joshua 22:30, Joshua 22:31, Joshua 22:32, Joshua 22:33, Joshua 22:34

Joshua 22 (KJV)

1Then Joshua called the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh,

2And said unto them, Ye have kept all that Moses the servant of the Lord commanded you, and have obeyed my voice in all that I commanded you:

3Ye have not left your brethren these many days unto this day, but have kept the charge of the commandment of the Lord your God.

4And now the Lord your God hath given rest unto your brethren, as he promised them: therefore now return ye, and get you unto your tents, and unto the land of your possession, which Moses the servant of the Lord gave you on the other side Jordan.

5But take diligent heed to do the commandment and the law, which Moses the servant of the Lord charged you, to love the Lord your God, and to walk in all his ways, and to keep his commandments, and to cleave unto him, and to serve him with all your heart and with all your soul.

6So Joshua blessed them, and sent them away: and they went unto their tents.

7Now to the one half of the tribe of Manasseh Moses had given possession in Bashan: but unto the other half thereof gave Joshua among their brethren on this side Jordan westward. And when Joshua sent them away also unto their tents, then he blessed them,

8And he spake unto them, saying, Return with much riches unto your tents, and with very much cattle, with silver, and with gold, and with brass, and with iron, and with very much raiment: divide the spoil of your enemies with your brethren.

9And the children of Reuben and the children of Gad and the half tribe of Manasseh returned, and departed from the children of Israel out of Shiloh, which is in the land of Canaan, to go unto the country of Gilead, to the land of their possession, whereof they were possessed, according to the word of the Lord by the hand of Moses.

10And when they came unto the borders of Jordan, that are in the land of Canaan, the children of Reuben and the children of Gad and the half tribe of Manasseh built there an altar by Jordan, a great altar to see to.

11And the children of Israel heard say, Behold, the children of Reuben and the children of Gad and the half tribe of Manasseh have built an altar over against the land of Canaan, in the borders of Jordan, at the passage of the children of Israel.

12And when the children of Israel heard of it, the whole congregation of the children of Israel gathered themselves together at Shiloh, to go up to war against them.

13And the children of Israel sent unto the children of Reuben, and to the children of Gad, and to the half tribe of Manasseh, into the land of Gilead, Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest,

14And with him ten princes, of each chief house a prince throughout all the tribes of Israel; and each one was an head of the house of their fathers among the thousands of Israel.

15And they came unto the children of Reuben, and to the children of Gad, and to the half tribe of Manasseh, unto the land of Gilead, and they spake with them, saying,

16Thus saith the whole congregation of the Lord, What trespass is this that ye have committed against the God of Israel, to turn away this day from following the Lord, in that ye have builded you an altar, that ye might rebel this day against the Lord?

17Is the iniquity of Peor too little for us, from which we are not cleansed until this day, although there was a plague in the congregation of the Lord,

18But that ye must turn away this day from following the Lord? and it will be, seeing ye rebel to day against the Lord, that to morrow he will be wroth with the whole congregation of Israel.

19Notwithstanding, if the land of your possession be unclean, then pass ye over unto the land of the possession of the Lord, wherein the Lord’s tabernacle dwelleth, and take possession among us: but rebel not against the Lord, nor rebel against us, in building you an altar beside the altar of the Lord our God.

20Did not Achan the son of Zerah commit a trespass in the accursed thing, and wrath fell on all the congregation of Israel? and that man perished not alone in his iniquity.

21Then the children of Reuben and the children of Gad and the half tribe of Manasseh answered, and said unto the heads of the thousands of Israel,

22The Lord God of gods, the Lord God of gods, he knoweth, and Israel he shall know; if it be in rebellion, or if in transgression against the Lord, (save us not this day,)

23That we have built us an altar to turn from following the Lord, or if to offer thereon burnt offering or meat offering, or if to offer peace offerings thereon, let the Lord himself require it;

24And if we have not rather done it for fear of this thing, saying, In time to come your children might speak unto our children, saying, What have ye to do with the Lord God of Israel?

25For the Lord hath made Jordan a border between us and you, ye children of Reuben and children of Gad; ye have no part in the Lord: so shall your children make our children cease from fearing the Lord.

26Therefore we said, Let us now prepare to build us an altar, not for burnt offering, nor for sacrifice:

27But that it may be a witness between us, and you, and our generations after us, that we might do the service of the Lord before him with our burnt offerings, and with our sacrifices, and with our peace offerings; that your children may not say to our children in time to come, Ye have no part in the Lord.

28Therefore said we, that it shall be, when they should so say to us or to our generations in time to come, that we may say again, Behold the pattern of the altar of the Lord, which our fathers made, not for burnt offerings, nor for sacrifices; but it is a witness between us and you.

29God forbid that we should rebel against the Lord, and turn this day from following the Lord, to build an altar for burnt offerings, for meat offerings, or for sacrifices, beside the altar of the Lord our God that is before his tabernacle.

30And when Phinehas the priest, and the princes of the congregation and heads of the thousands of Israel which were with him, heard the words that the children of Reuben and the children of Gad and the children of Manasseh spake, it pleased them.

31And Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest said unto the children of Reuben, and to the children of Gad, and to the children of Manasseh, This day we perceive that the Lord is among us, because ye have not committed this trespass against the Lord: now ye have delivered the children of Israel out of the hand of the Lord.

32And Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest, and the princes, returned from the children of Reuben, and from the children of Gad, out of the land of Gilead, unto the land of Canaan, to the children of Israel, and brought them word again.

33And the thing pleased the children of Israel; and the children of Israel blessed God, and did not intend to go up against them in battle, to destroy the land wherein the children of Reuben and Gad dwelt.

34And the children of Reuben and the children of Gad called the altar Ed: for it shall be a witness between us that the Lord is God.

This page shows the King James Version. In the app, reading opens in the Berean Standard Bible unless you have chosen another translation. The reader includes five translations: the Berean Standard Bible (BSB), the King James Version (KJV), the World English Bible (WEB), the Bible in Basic English (BBE), and the American Standard Version (ASV). Search covers three of them: Berean Standard, King James, and World English. Basic English and American Standard readers search the King James words.

Historical context

The Jordan separates the eastern holdings granted through Moses from the western allotments, but Joshua's dismissal affirms the eastern tribes' fulfilled service. The altar is described as large or conspicuous; no precise dimensions or modern site are given. The charge of rebellion belongs to the delegation's initial interpretation, not the builders' stated purpose. Its offer to share land is conditional on the eastern land being unclean, not a declaration that it is. The builders' imagined future exchange between children explains their fear; the chapter does not report that exclusion as already having occurred. They repeatedly distinguish a witness patterned on the altar from an altar intended for additional sacrifices.

Cited passages: Joshua 22:4, Joshua 22:5, Joshua 22:6, Joshua 22:7, Joshua 22:8, Joshua 22:9, Joshua 22:10, Joshua 22:13, Joshua 22:14, Joshua 22:15, Joshua 22:16, Joshua 22:17, Joshua 22:18, Joshua 22:19, Joshua 22:20, Joshua 22:21, Joshua 22:22, Joshua 22:23, Joshua 22:24, Joshua 22:25, Joshua 22:26, Joshua 22:27, Joshua 22:28, Joshua 22:29

Literary context

Blessing and release are followed by the threat of conflict within Israel. Much of the chapter is given to speeches that change the meaning assigned to a visible object. One side reads the altar through memories of communal judgment; the other explains it through concern for later generations. Listening and reporting allow the congregation to revise its intended action. The final witness explanation answers the accusation of turning away with an assertion of shared acknowledgment of the Lord.

Cited passages: Joshua 22:6, Joshua 22:7, Joshua 22:8, Joshua 22:9, Joshua 22:10, Joshua 22:11, Joshua 22:12, Joshua 22:15, Joshua 22:16, Joshua 22:17, Joshua 22:18, Joshua 22:19, Joshua 22:20, Joshua 22:21, Joshua 22:22, Joshua 22:23, Joshua 22:24, Joshua 22:25, Joshua 22:26, Joshua 22:27, Joshua 22:28, Joshua 22:29, Joshua 22:30, Joshua 22:31, Joshua 22:32, Joshua 22:33, Joshua 22:34

Key moments

  1. The eastern tribes are released (Joshua 22:4). Joshua tells them to return to the land Moses gave them after their service with the other tribes.
  2. Israel prepares for war (Joshua 22:12). The report of the altar brings the congregation together at Shiloh for an attack.
  3. A witness for later generations (Joshua 22:27). The builders say the altar is intended to preserve their descendants' place in the Lord's worship.
  4. The report averts the attack (Joshua 22:33). Israel accepts the returned report, blesses God and gives up the plan to destroy the eastern land.

For reflection

The planned attack is abandoned after the builders explain the altar's purpose. Before acting on a troubling sign, what would you need to hear from the people responsible for it?

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