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The Prophets · Old Testament

Jeremiah 44

Jeremiah 44: the Jews in Egypt and the queen of heaven

General context

The word concerns the Jews living in Egypt at Migdol, Tahpanhes, Noph and Pathros. The Lord reminds them of the evil he brought on Jerusalem and the cities of Judah, now a desolation, because the people burned incense to other gods; he sent prophets to say do not do this abominable thing, and they did not listen. He asks why they now commit the same evil in Egypt, cutting off man, woman, child and suckling, and whether they have forgotten their fathers' wickedness. He will set his face against them; the remnant that set their faces toward Egypt will be consumed by sword and famine, least to greatest, and none will return to Judah except those who escape. The men who know their wives burned incense, and the women standing by, a great multitude in Pathros, answer that they will not listen. They will burn incense and pour drink offerings to the queen of heaven as they and their fathers did in Judah, because then they had plenty, and since they stopped they have lacked everything and been consumed by sword and famine. The women ask whether they made her cakes without their men. Jeremiah replies that the Lord remembered the incense burned in Judah and could bear it no longer, so the land is desolate. He tells all Judah in Egypt that the Lord has sworn by his great name that his name will no more be spoken by any man of Judah there; he will watch over them for evil, a small number escaping the sword will return, and the remnant will know whose words stand. The sign is that Pharaoh-hophra king of Egypt will be given into his enemies' hands as Zedekiah was given to Nebuchadrezzar.

Cited passages: Jeremiah 44:1, Jeremiah 44:2, Jeremiah 44:3, Jeremiah 44:4, Jeremiah 44:7, Jeremiah 44:9, Jeremiah 44:11, Jeremiah 44:12, Jeremiah 44:14, Jeremiah 44:15, Jeremiah 44:16, Jeremiah 44:17, Jeremiah 44:18, Jeremiah 44:19, Jeremiah 44:21, Jeremiah 44:22, Jeremiah 44:26, Jeremiah 44:27, Jeremiah 44:28, Jeremiah 44:30

Jeremiah 44 (KJV)

1The word that came to Jeremiah concerning all the Jews which dwell in the land of Egypt, which dwell at Migdol, and at Tahpanhes, and at Noph, and in the country of Pathros, saying,

2Thus saith the Lord of hosts, the God of Israel; Ye have seen all the evil that I have brought upon Jerusalem, and upon all the cities of Judah; and, behold, this day they are a desolation, and no man dwelleth therein,

3Because of their wickedness which they have committed to provoke me to anger, in that they went to burn incense, and to serve other gods, whom they knew not, neither they, ye, nor your fathers.

4Howbeit I sent unto you all my servants the prophets, rising early and sending them, saying, Oh, do not this abominable thing that I hate.

5But they hearkened not, nor inclined their ear to turn from their wickedness, to burn no incense unto other gods.

6Wherefore my fury and mine anger was poured forth, and was kindled in the cities of Judah and in the streets of Jerusalem; and they are wasted and desolate, as at this day.

7Therefore now thus saith the Lord, the God of hosts, the God of Israel; Wherefore commit ye this great evil against your souls, to cut off from you man and woman, child and suckling, out of Judah, to leave you none to remain;

8In that ye provoke me unto wrath with the works of your hands, burning incense unto other gods in the land of Egypt, whither ye be gone to dwell, that ye might cut yourselves off, and that ye might be a curse and a reproach among all the nations of the earth?

9Have ye forgotten the wickedness of your fathers, and the wickedness of the kings of Judah, and the wickedness of their wives, and your own wickedness, and the wickedness of your wives, which they have committed in the land of Judah, and in the streets of Jerusalem?

10They are not humbled even unto this day, neither have they feared, nor walked in my law, nor in my statutes, that I set before you and before your fathers.

11Therefore thus saith the Lord of hosts, the God of Israel; Behold, I will set my face against you for evil, and to cut off all Judah.

12And I will take the remnant of Judah, that have set their faces to go into the land of Egypt to sojourn there, and they shall all be consumed, and fall in the land of Egypt; they shall even be consumed by the sword and by the famine: they shall die, from the least even unto the greatest, by the sword and by the famine: and they shall be an execration, and an astonishment, and a curse, and a reproach.

13For I will punish them that dwell in the land of Egypt, as I have punished Jerusalem, by the sword, by the famine, and by the pestilence:

14So that none of the remnant of Judah, which are gone into the land of Egypt to sojourn there, shall escape or remain, that they should return into the land of Judah, to the which they have a desire to return to dwell there: for none shall return but such as shall escape.

15Then all the men which knew that their wives had burned incense unto other gods, and all the women that stood by, a great multitude, even all the people that dwelt in the land of Egypt, in Pathros, answered Jeremiah, saying,

16As for the word that thou hast spoken unto us in the name of the Lord, we will not hearken unto thee.

17But we will certainly do whatsoever thing goeth forth out of our own mouth, to burn incense unto the queen of heaven, and to pour out drink offerings unto her, as we have done, we, and our fathers, our kings, and our princes, in the cities of Judah, and in the streets of Jerusalem: for then had we plenty of victuals, and were well, and saw no evil.

18But since we left off to burn incense to the queen of heaven, and to pour out drink offerings unto her, we have wanted all things, and have been consumed by the sword and by the famine.

19And when we burned incense to the queen of heaven, and poured out drink offerings unto her, did we make her cakes to worship her, and pour out drink offerings unto her, without our men?

20Then Jeremiah said unto all the people, to the men, and to the women, and to all the people which had given him that answer, saying,

21The incense that ye burned in the cities of Judah, and in the streets of Jerusalem, ye, and your fathers, your kings, and your princes, and the people of the land, did not the Lord remember them, and came it not into his mind?

22So that the Lord could no longer bear, because of the evil of your doings, and because of the abominations which ye have committed; therefore is your land a desolation, and an astonishment, and a curse, without an inhabitant, as at this day.

23Because ye have burned incense, and because ye have sinned against the Lord, and have not obeyed the voice of the Lord, nor walked in his law, nor in his statutes, nor in his testimonies; therefore this evil is happened unto you, as at this day.

24Moreover Jeremiah said unto all the people, and to all the women, Hear the word of the Lord, all Judah that are in the land of Egypt:

25Thus saith the Lord of hosts, the God of Israel, saying; Ye and your wives have both spoken with your mouths, and fulfilled with your hand, saying, We will surely perform our vows that we have vowed, to burn incense to the queen of heaven, and to pour out drink offerings unto her: ye will surely accomplish your vows, and surely perform your vows.

26Therefore hear ye the word of the Lord, all Judah that dwell in the land of Egypt; Behold, I have sworn by my great name, saith the Lord, that my name shall no more be named in the mouth of any man of Judah in all the land of Egypt, saying, The Lord God liveth.

27Behold, I will watch over them for evil, and not for good: and all the men of Judah that are in the land of Egypt shall be consumed by the sword and by the famine, until there be an end of them.

28Yet a small number that escape the sword shall return out of the land of Egypt into the land of Judah, and all the remnant of Judah, that are gone into the land of Egypt to sojourn there, shall know whose words shall stand, mine, or theirs.

29And this shall be a sign unto you, saith the Lord, that I will punish you in this place, that ye may know that my words shall surely stand against you for evil:

30Thus saith the Lord; Behold, I will give Pharaoh-hophra king of Egypt into the hand of his enemies, and into the hand of them that seek his life; as I gave Zedekiah king of Judah into the hand of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, his enemy, and that sought his life.

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Historical context

The Jews addressed are placed in four named parts of Egypt, and the reply comes from those in Pathros. The queen of heaven is named by the people and by the Lord's later word but never identified; cakes and drink offerings for her also appear in an earlier chapter set in Judah. The claim that plenty came while they served her and want came when they stopped is the people's own account of their history; Jeremiah gives the opposite account of the same events, and the chapter states that the two accounts will be tested by whose words stand. The women's question about acting "without our men" is left unanswered in the text. Pharaoh-hophra is named only in this verse of the book, and the comparison with Zedekiah looks back to his capture in chapter 39. The threatened end is not total: the text says a small number that escape the sword will return to Judah. The Lord's oath is that his name will no longer be named by any man of Judah in Egypt. This is the last narrated exchange between Jeremiah and the people in the book, and the text does not say what became of Jeremiah after it. No year is given for the word, and the fulfilment of the sign concerning Pharaoh-hophra is not narrated.

Cited passages: Jeremiah 44:1, Jeremiah 44:15, Jeremiah 44:17, Jeremiah 44:25, Jeremiah 7:18, Jeremiah 44:18, Jeremiah 44:23, Jeremiah 44:28, Jeremiah 44:19, Jeremiah 44:30, Jeremiah 39:5, Jeremiah 44:26

Literary context

The chapter is an argument over the reading of one history. The Lord's opening word says Judah is desolate because of incense to other gods; the people answer that Judah prospered while they burned incense to the queen of heaven and suffered when they stopped. Both sides list the same actors, fathers, kings and princes, in the cities of Judah and the streets of Jerusalem, and draw opposite conclusions. The refusal is stated openly, "we will not hearken unto thee," where earlier chapters showed disobedience by act. The phrase "as at this day" recurs as the Lord's evidence, pointing at the ruined land. The Lord's "I will set my face against you" answers the people's having "set their faces" toward Egypt. The contest is finally named as one of words, "whose words shall stand, mine, or theirs," and the sign given is a king handed over, matched to a king already handed over. The women's question interrupts the men's reply and insists that the worship was shared. The chapter closes the Egypt narrative, and the short word to Baruch that follows steps back in time.

Cited passages: Jeremiah 44:3, Jeremiah 44:17, Jeremiah 44:21, Jeremiah 44:16, Jeremiah 44:6, Jeremiah 44:22, Jeremiah 44:11, Jeremiah 44:12, Jeremiah 44:28, Jeremiah 44:30, Jeremiah 44:19, Jeremiah 45:1

Key moments

  1. Judah a desolation (Jeremiah 44:2). The Lord points to the ruined cities as the result of serving other gods.
  2. The same evil in Egypt (Jeremiah 44:8). The Lord asks why they burn incense to other gods in the land they fled to.
  3. We will not hearken (Jeremiah 44:16). The men and women openly refuse the word spoken in the Lord's name.
  4. The queen of heaven (Jeremiah 44:17). The people vow to keep burning incense to her, recalling former plenty.
  5. Without our men? (Jeremiah 44:19). The women say their husbands shared in the worship.
  6. The name no more named (Jeremiah 44:26). The Lord swears that no man of Judah in Egypt will speak his name again.
  7. Pharaoh-hophra as a sign (Jeremiah 44:30). The king of Egypt will be handed over as Zedekiah was.

For reflection

The people say life was good when they burned incense to the queen of heaven and bad since they stopped, and Jeremiah says the reverse about the same years. When two readings of the same suffering are on the table, what would it take to tell which one is true?

People in this chapter

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