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The Torah · Old Testament

Deuteronomy 32

The song of the Rock and Moses' final summons

General context

The song calls heaven and earth to listen and praises the Lord as the just Rock. It recalls his care for Jacob in the wilderness through images of a guarded eye and an eagle carrying its young. Abundance is followed by Jeshurun's rejection of the God who made him and sacrifice to other gods. The divine speech threatens hunger, beasts, sword and terror that reach young and old, while restraining complete erasure lest enemies claim the victory as their own. The song declares vengeance to belong to the Lord, describes his response when his servants' power is gone, and ends with judgment on enemies and mercy for his land and people. After speaking the song with Hoshea son of Nun, Moses urges Israel to teach and obey these words. The Lord then orders him to Mount Nebo to see the land and die, barred from entering because of the failure at Meribah-Kadesh.

Cited passages: Deuteronomy 32:1, Deuteronomy 32:2, Deuteronomy 32:3, Deuteronomy 32:4, Deuteronomy 32:5, Deuteronomy 32:6, Deuteronomy 32:7, Deuteronomy 32:8, Deuteronomy 32:9, Deuteronomy 32:10, Deuteronomy 32:11, Deuteronomy 32:12, Deuteronomy 32:13, Deuteronomy 32:14, Deuteronomy 32:15, Deuteronomy 32:16, Deuteronomy 32:17, Deuteronomy 32:18, Deuteronomy 32:20, Deuteronomy 32:21, Deuteronomy 32:22, Deuteronomy 32:23, Deuteronomy 32:24, Deuteronomy 32:25, Deuteronomy 32:26, Deuteronomy 32:27, Deuteronomy 32:35, Deuteronomy 32:36, Deuteronomy 32:37, Deuteronomy 32:38, Deuteronomy 32:39, Deuteronomy 32:40, Deuteronomy 32:41, Deuteronomy 32:42, Deuteronomy 32:43, Deuteronomy 32:44, Deuteronomy 32:45, Deuteronomy 32:46, Deuteronomy 32:47, Deuteronomy 32:48, Deuteronomy 32:49, Deuteronomy 32:50, Deuteronomy 32:51, Deuteronomy 32:52

Deuteronomy 32 (KJV)

1Give ear, O ye heavens, and I will speak; and hear, O earth, the words of my mouth.

2My doctrine shall drop as the rain, my speech shall distil as the dew, as the small rain upon the tender herb, and as the showers upon the grass:

3Because I will publish the name of the Lord: ascribe ye greatness unto our God.

4He is the Rock, his work is perfect: for all his ways are judgment: a God of truth and without iniquity, just and right is he.

5They have corrupted themselves, their spot is not the spot of his children: they are a perverse and crooked generation.

6Do ye thus requite the Lord, O foolish people and unwise? is not he thy father that hath bought thee? hath he not made thee, and established thee?

7Remember the days of old, consider the years of many generations: ask thy father, and he will shew thee; thy elders, and they will tell thee.

8When the most High divided to the nations their inheritance, when he separated the sons of Adam, he set the bounds of the people according to the number of the children of Israel.

9For the Lord’s portion is his people; Jacob is the lot of his inheritance.

10He found him in a desert land, and in the waste howling wilderness; he led him about, he instructed him, he kept him as the apple of his eye.

11As an eagle stirreth up her nest, fluttereth over her young, spreadeth abroad her wings, taketh them, beareth them on her wings:

12So the Lord alone did lead him, and there was no strange god with him.

13He made him ride on the high places of the earth, that he might eat the increase of the fields; and he made him to suck honey out of the rock, and oil out of the flinty rock;

14Butter of kine, and milk of sheep, with fat of lambs, and rams of the breed of Bashan, and goats, with the fat of kidneys of wheat; and thou didst drink the pure blood of the grape.

15But Jeshurun waxed fat, and kicked: thou art waxen fat, thou art grown thick, thou art covered with fatness; then he forsook God which made him, and lightly esteemed the Rock of his salvation.

16They provoked him to jealousy with strange gods, with abominations provoked they him to anger.

17They sacrificed unto devils, not to God; to gods whom they knew not, to new gods that came newly up, whom your fathers feared not.

18Of the Rock that begat thee thou art unmindful, and hast forgotten God that formed thee.

19And when the Lord saw it, he abhorred them, because of the provoking of his sons, and of his daughters.

20And he said, I will hide my face from them, I will see what their end shall be: for they are a very froward generation, children in whom is no faith.

21They have moved me to jealousy with that which is not God; they have provoked me to anger with their vanities: and I will move them to jealousy with those which are not a people; I will provoke them to anger with a foolish nation.

22For a fire is kindled in mine anger, and shall burn unto the lowest hell, and shall consume the earth with her increase, and set on fire the foundations of the mountains.

23I will heap mischiefs upon them; I will spend mine arrows upon them.

24They shall be burnt with hunger, and devoured with burning heat, and with bitter destruction: I will also send the teeth of beasts upon them, with the poison of serpents of the dust.

25The sword without, and terror within, shall destroy both the young man and the virgin, the suckling also with the man of gray hairs.

26I said, I would scatter them into corners, I would make the remembrance of them to cease from among men:

27Were it not that I feared the wrath of the enemy, lest their adversaries should behave themselves strangely, and lest they should say, Our hand is high, and the Lord hath not done all this.

28For they are a nation void of counsel, neither is there any understanding in them.

29O that they were wise, that they understood this, that they would consider their latter end!

30How should one chase a thousand, and two put ten thousand to flight, except their Rock had sold them, and the Lord had shut them up?

31For their rock is not as our Rock, even our enemies themselves being judges.

32For their vine is of the vine of Sodom, and of the fields of Gomorrah: their grapes are grapes of gall, their clusters are bitter:

33Their wine is the poison of dragons, and the cruel venom of asps.

34Is not this laid up in store with me, and sealed up among my treasures?

35To me belongeth vengeance, and recompence; their foot shall slide in due time: for the day of their calamity is at hand, and the things that shall come upon them make haste.

36For the Lord shall judge his people, and repent himself for his servants, when he seeth that their power is gone, and there is none shut up, or left.

37And he shall say, Where are their gods, their rock in whom they trusted,

38Which did eat the fat of their sacrifices, and drank the wine of their drink offerings? let them rise up and help you, and be your protection.

39See now that I, even I, am he, and there is no god with me: I kill, and I make alive; I wound, and I heal: neither is there any that can deliver out of my hand.

40For I lift up my hand to heaven, and say, I live for ever.

41If I whet my glittering sword, and mine hand take hold on judgment; I will render vengeance to mine enemies, and will reward them that hate me.

42I will make mine arrows drunk with blood, and my sword shall devour flesh; and that with the blood of the slain and of the captives, from the beginning of revenges upon the enemy.

43Rejoice, O ye nations, with his people: for he will avenge the blood of his servants, and will render vengeance to his adversaries, and will be merciful unto his land, and to his people.

44And Moses came and spake all the words of this song in the ears of the people, he, and Hoshea the son of Nun.

45And Moses made an end of speaking all these words to all Israel:

46And he said unto them, Set your hearts unto all the words which I testify among you this day, which ye shall command your children to observe to do, all the words of this law.

47For it is not a vain thing for you; because it is your life: and through this thing ye shall prolong your days in the land, whither ye go over Jordan to possess it.

48And the Lord spake unto Moses that selfsame day, saying,

49Get thee up into this mountain Abarim, unto mount Nebo, which is in the land of Moab, that is over against Jericho; and behold the land of Canaan, which I give unto the children of Israel for a possession:

50And die in the mount whither thou goest up, and be gathered unto thy people; as Aaron thy brother died in mount Hor, and was gathered unto his people:

51Because ye trespassed against me among the children of Israel at the waters of Meribah-Kadesh, in the wilderness of Zin; because ye sanctified me not in the midst of the children of Israel.

52Yet thou shalt see the land before thee; but thou shalt not go thither unto the land which I give the children of Israel.

This page shows the King James Version. In the app, reading opens in the Berean Standard Bible unless you have chosen another translation. The reader includes five translations: the Berean Standard Bible (BSB), the King James Version (KJV), the World English Bible (WEB), the Bible in Basic English (BBE), and the American Standard Version (ASV). Search covers three of them: Berean Standard, King James, and World English. Basic English and American Standard readers search the King James words.

Historical context

The song speaks of Jacob and Jeshurun within Israel's collective story; these images do not describe a new episode in the individual Jacob's life. The KJV's sons of Adam in verse 8 is children of men in the ASV and BBE, likewise a reference to humanity rather than a scene featuring Adam. The closing line differs: KJV and ASV call nations to rejoice with the people, while BBE calls the people to rejoice over nations. KJV speaks of mercy, ASV of expiation and BBE of removing sin. Hoshea son of Nun is the name used beside Moses in verse 44. The final prose places Nebo in Moab opposite Jericho and links Moses' exclusion to the failure to sanctify the Lord at Meribah-Kadesh.

Cited passages: Deuteronomy 32:8, Deuteronomy 32:9, Deuteronomy 32:10, Deuteronomy 32:11, Deuteronomy 32:12, Deuteronomy 32:15, Deuteronomy 32:43, Deuteronomy 32:44, Deuteronomy 32:48, Deuteronomy 32:49, Deuteronomy 32:50, Deuteronomy 32:51, Deuteronomy 32:52

Literary context

Rock is a recurring image for the Lord's reliability, the source Israel forgets and the contrast with rival gods. Food imagery also changes: rich milk, grain and wine give way to hunger and a poisonous vineyard associated with Sodom and Gomorrah. The song moves among direct address, remembered care and the Lord's own announced judgments. Its accusation is framed by a call for heaven and earth to hear and by the appeal to take the words to heart and teach them to children.

Cited passages: Deuteronomy 32:1, Deuteronomy 32:2, Deuteronomy 32:3, Deuteronomy 32:4, Deuteronomy 32:13, Deuteronomy 32:14, Deuteronomy 32:15, Deuteronomy 32:16, Deuteronomy 32:17, Deuteronomy 32:18, Deuteronomy 32:20, Deuteronomy 32:21, Deuteronomy 32:22, Deuteronomy 32:23, Deuteronomy 32:24, Deuteronomy 32:25, Deuteronomy 32:30, Deuteronomy 32:31, Deuteronomy 32:32, Deuteronomy 32:33, Deuteronomy 32:34, Deuteronomy 32:35, Deuteronomy 32:36, Deuteronomy 32:37, Deuteronomy 32:38, Deuteronomy 32:39, Deuteronomy 32:46, Deuteronomy 32:47

Key moments

  1. The Rock's work is just (Deuteronomy 32:4). The song begins its account of Israel's failure by declaring the Lord's justice and faithfulness.
  2. An eagle's care (Deuteronomy 32:11). The image of an eagle over its young expresses the Lord's care in the wilderness account.
  3. The Rock is forgotten (Deuteronomy 32:18). The accusation names forgetfulness of the God who formed the people.
  4. Words for the children (Deuteronomy 32:46). Moses tells the people to take the testimony to heart and command their children to obey.
  5. See the land from Nebo (Deuteronomy 32:49). The Lord directs Moses to the mountain in Moab to view Canaan before his death.

For reflection

The song connects being well provided for with the danger of forgetting dependence. What helps you remember care received when the need that once made it obvious has passed?

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