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Wisdom & Poetry · Old Testament

Psalms 78

Psalm 78: a parable of the fathers' rebellion, from Egypt to the choosing of David

General context

The speaker calls my people to hear a parable and dark sayings of old, things the fathers told, not to be hidden from the children. God established a testimony in Jacob and a law in Israel so that each generation might set its hope in God and not be like the fathers, a stubborn and rebellious generation. The children of Ephraim, armed with bows, turned back in the day of battle and forgot God's works. The poem recounts marvellous things in Egypt in the field of Zoan, the sea divided, a cloud by day and fire by night, and rocks cloven for water. The people asked meat for their lust and said, Can God furnish a table in the wilderness? The Lord was wroth, yet rained manna and flesh like dust; while the meat was in their mouths his wrath slew the fattest of them. When he slew them they sought him, but flattered and lied. God, full of compassion, forgave. The poem returns to Egypt: rivers to blood, flies, frogs, caterpillar, locust, hail, frost, thunderbolts, evil angels, pestilence, and the firstborn smitten. God led his people like sheep, the sea overwhelmed their enemies, and he brought them to the border of his sanctuary. They provoked him with high places and graven images; he forsook the tabernacle of Shiloh, gave his strength into captivity and his people to the sword; fire consumed young men, priests fell, widows made no lamentation. Then the Lord awaked as one out of sleep and smote his enemies. He refused the tabernacle of Joseph, chose Judah and mount Zion, built his sanctuary, and chose David from the sheepfolds to feed Jacob his people.

Cited passages: Psalms 78:1, Psalms 78:2, Psalms 78:4, Psalms 78:5, Psalms 78:8, Psalms 78:9, Psalms 78:12, Psalms 78:13, Psalms 78:14, Psalms 78:15, Psalms 78:19, Psalms 78:24, Psalms 78:26, Psalms 78:27, Psalms 78:31, Psalms 78:34, Psalms 78:36, Psalms 78:38, Psalms 78:44, Psalms 78:45, Psalms 78:46, Psalms 78:47, Psalms 78:51, Psalms 78:53, Psalms 78:54, Psalms 78:58, Psalms 78:60, Psalms 78:63, Psalms 78:65, Psalms 78:68, Psalms 78:70

Psalms 78 (KJV)

1Give ear, O my people, to my law: incline your ears to the words of my mouth.

2I will open my mouth in a parable: I will utter dark sayings of old:

3Which we have heard and known, and our fathers have told us.

4We will not hide them from their children, shewing to the generation to come the praises of the Lord, and his strength, and his wonderful works that he hath done.

5For he established a testimony in Jacob, and appointed a law in Israel, which he commanded our fathers, that they should make them known to their children:

6That the generation to come might know them, even the children which should be born; who should arise and declare them to their children:

7That they might set their hope in God, and not forget the works of God, but keep his commandments:

8And might not be as their fathers, a stubborn and rebellious generation; a generation that set not their heart aright, and whose spirit was not stedfast with God.

9The children of Ephraim, being armed, and carrying bows, turned back in the day of battle.

10They kept not the covenant of God, and refused to walk in his law;

11And forgat his works, and his wonders that he had shewed them.

12Marvellous things did he in the sight of their fathers, in the land of Egypt, in the field of Zoan.

13He divided the sea, and caused them to pass through; and he made the waters to stand as an heap.

14In the daytime also he led them with a cloud, and all the night with a light of fire.

15He clave the rocks in the wilderness, and gave them drink as out of the great depths.

16He brought streams also out of the rock, and caused waters to run down like rivers.

17And they sinned yet more against him by provoking the most High in the wilderness.

18And they tempted God in their heart by asking meat for their lust.

19Yea, they spake against God; they said, Can God furnish a table in the wilderness?

20Behold, he smote the rock, that the waters gushed out, and the streams overflowed; can he give bread also? can he provide flesh for his people?

21Therefore the Lord heard this, and was wroth: so a fire was kindled against Jacob, and anger also came up against Israel;

22Because they believed not in God, and trusted not in his salvation:

23Though he had commanded the clouds from above, and opened the doors of heaven,

24And had rained down manna upon them to eat, and had given them of the corn of heaven.

25Man did eat angels’ food: he sent them meat to the full.

26He caused an east wind to blow in the heaven: and by his power he brought in the south wind.

27He rained flesh also upon them as dust, and feathered fowls like as the sand of the sea:

28And he let it fall in the midst of their camp, round about their habitations.

29So they did eat, and were well filled: for he gave them their own desire;

30They were not estranged from their lust. But while their meat was yet in their mouths,

31The wrath of God came upon them, and slew the fattest of them, and smote down the chosen men of Israel.

32For all this they sinned still, and believed not for his wondrous works.

33Therefore their days did he consume in vanity, and their years in trouble.

34When he slew them, then they sought him: and they returned and enquired early after God.

35And they remembered that God was their rock, and the high God their redeemer.

36Nevertheless they did flatter him with their mouth, and they lied unto him with their tongues.

37For their heart was not right with him, neither were they stedfast in his covenant.

38But he, being full of compassion, forgave their iniquity, and destroyed them not: yea, many a time turned he his anger away, and did not stir up all his wrath.

39For he remembered that they were but flesh; a wind that passeth away, and cometh not again.

40How oft did they provoke him in the wilderness, and grieve him in the desert!

41Yea, they turned back and tempted God, and limited the Holy One of Israel.

42They remembered not his hand, nor the day when he delivered them from the enemy.

43How he had wrought his signs in Egypt, and his wonders in the field of Zoan:

44And had turned their rivers into blood; and their floods, that they could not drink.

45He sent divers sorts of flies among them, which devoured them; and frogs, which destroyed them.

46He gave also their increase unto the caterpiller, and their labour unto the locust.

47He destroyed their vines with hail, and their sycomore trees with frost.

48He gave up their cattle also to the hail, and their flocks to hot thunderbolts.

49He cast upon them the fierceness of his anger, wrath, and indignation, and trouble, by sending evil angels among them.

50He made a way to his anger; he spared not their soul from death, but gave their life over to the pestilence;

51And smote all the firstborn in Egypt; the chief of their strength in the tabernacles of Ham:

52But made his own people to go forth like sheep, and guided them in the wilderness like a flock.

53And he led them on safely, so that they feared not: but the sea overwhelmed their enemies.

54And he brought them to the border of his sanctuary, even to this mountain, which his right hand had purchased.

55He cast out the heathen also before them, and divided them an inheritance by line, and made the tribes of Israel to dwell in their tents.

56Yet they tempted and provoked the most high God, and kept not his testimonies:

57But turned back, and dealt unfaithfully like their fathers: they were turned aside like a deceitful bow.

58For they provoked him to anger with their high places, and moved him to jealousy with their graven images.

59When God heard this, he was wroth, and greatly abhorred Israel:

60So that he forsook the tabernacle of Shiloh, the tent which he placed among men;

61And delivered his strength into captivity, and his glory into the enemy’s hand.

62He gave his people over also unto the sword; and was wroth with his inheritance.

63The fire consumed their young men; and their maidens were not given to marriage.

64Their priests fell by the sword; and their widows made no lamentation.

65Then the Lord awaked as one out of sleep, and like a mighty man that shouteth by reason of wine.

66And he smote his enemies in the hinder parts: he put them to a perpetual reproach.

67Moreover he refused the tabernacle of Joseph, and chose not the tribe of Ephraim:

68But chose the tribe of Judah, the mount Zion which he loved.

69And he built his sanctuary like high palaces, like the earth which he hath established for ever.

70He chose David also his servant, and took him from the sheepfolds:

71From following the ewes great with young he brought him to feed Jacob his people, and Israel his inheritance.

72So he fed them according to the integrity of his heart; and guided them by the skilfulness of his hands.

This page shows the King James Version. In the app, reading opens in the Berean Standard Bible unless you have chosen another translation. The reader includes five translations: the Berean Standard Bible (BSB), the King James Version (KJV), the World English Bible (WEB), the Bible in Basic English (BBE), and the American Standard Version (ASV). Search covers three of them: Berean Standard, King James, and World English. Basic English and American Standard readers search the King James words.

Historical context

This source prints no superscription; the psalm begins with Give ear, O my people, to my law, and the speaker is not named in the text. The poem calls itself a parable and dark sayings of old, received from our fathers. Its order is its own: Egypt in the field of Zoan is mentioned first, then the sea, cloud, rocks, manna and flesh in the wilderness, and only afterwards does the poem go back to the signs in Egypt, listing blood, flies, frogs, caterpillar, locust, hail, frost, thunderbolts, evil angels, pestilence and the firstborn. The place the people are brought to is called the border of his sanctuary, even to this mountain. The loss is named in terms of Shiloh, captivity of his strength and glory, the sword, and priests who fell. The poem then states a choice against the tabernacle of Joseph and the tribe of Ephraim and for the tribe of Judah, mount Zion and David his servant, taken from following the ewes. Ephraim appears twice: turning back in battle at the start, and not chosen near the end. The psalm does not date these events or name the enemy into whose hand his strength and his glory were delivered; it says only the enemy's hand, and it does not use the word ark. Matthew 13:35 cites words spoken by the prophet, I will open my mouth in parables, which match the opening of verse 2. John 6:31 has as it is written, He gave them bread from heaven to eat, wording close to verse 24's corn of heaven, though John does not name its source.

Cited passages: Psalms 78:1, Psalms 78:2, Psalms 78:3, Psalms 78:12, Psalms 78:43, Psalms 78:49, Psalms 78:54, Psalms 78:61, Psalms 78:64, Psalms 78:67, Psalms 78:71, Psalms 78:9, Matthew 13:35, John 6:31, Psalms 78:24

Literary context

The poem is built as a repeated cycle: God acts, the people forget or provoke, God is wroth, and God nonetheless relents or acts again. The verb forms return: they forgat his works, they remembered not his hand, and against that, he remembered that they were but flesh. Questions the people ask are quoted against them: Can God furnish a table in the wilderness? and can he give bread also? The answer comes as manna and flesh, followed at once by judgment while their meat was yet in their mouths. The narrative doubles back on itself, so the plagues appear after the wilderness, which lets the accusation that they remembered not stand right before the list of what they forgot. Images of wind, sand, dust and a deceitful bow describe both the people and God's gifts. The poem ends with a shepherd taken from sheepfolds, answering the earlier picture of the people led like sheep, and the last words are about integrity of heart and skilfulness of hands rather than judgment.

Cited passages: Psalms 78:11, Psalms 78:42, Psalms 78:39, Psalms 78:20, Psalms 78:30, Psalms 78:27, Psalms 78:57, Psalms 78:52, Psalms 78:72, Psalms 78:7

Key moments

  1. A parable for the children (Psalms 78:4). The speaker promises not to hide the fathers' account from the generation to come.
  2. A table in the wilderness? (Psalms 78:19). The people speak against God and ask whether he can furnish a table.
  3. Meat still in their mouths (Psalms 78:31). God's wrath slays the fattest of them while they eat the flesh he sent.
  4. Compassion despite flattery (Psalms 78:38). God forgives and does not stir up all his wrath after the people lie to him.
  5. Shiloh forsaken (Psalms 78:60). God leaves the tabernacle of Shiloh and gives his strength into captivity.
  6. Judah chosen, Ephraim not (Psalms 78:68). God chooses the tribe of Judah and mount Zion which he loved.
  7. David from the sheepfolds (Psalms 78:70). God takes David from the ewes to feed Jacob his people.

For reflection

The poem is told so that the children will not be like their fathers, yet it reports that each generation repeated the pattern anyway. What does the telling itself accomplish, in the psalm's own terms, if remembering keeps failing?

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