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The Torah · Old Testament

Numbers 31

War against Midian and the division of captives and spoil

General context

The Lord commands vengeance on Midian before Moses' death. Twelve thousand Israelites go to war with Phinehas, kill the males and five kings, and kill Balaam. They bring back women, children, animals and goods after burning the settlements. Moses angrily attributes the Peor offense to the women and Balaam's counsel. He orders the killing of every boy and every woman who has slept with a man, while girls who have not are to be kept alive for the victors. Instructions then govern purification and the division of captives and animals between the soldiers and congregation, with levies for priest and Levites. Officers report no missing men and give captured gold as an offering for atonement.

Cited passages: Numbers 31:1, Numbers 31:2, Numbers 31:3, Numbers 31:4, Numbers 31:5, Numbers 31:6, Numbers 31:7, Numbers 31:8, Numbers 31:9, Numbers 31:10, Numbers 31:11, Numbers 31:12, Numbers 31:13, Numbers 31:14, Numbers 31:15, Numbers 31:16, Numbers 31:17, Numbers 31:18, Numbers 31:19, Numbers 31:20, Numbers 31:21, Numbers 31:22, Numbers 31:23, Numbers 31:24, Numbers 31:25, Numbers 31:26, Numbers 31:27, Numbers 31:28, Numbers 31:29, Numbers 31:30, Numbers 31:31, Numbers 31:32, Numbers 31:33, Numbers 31:34, Numbers 31:35, Numbers 31:36, Numbers 31:37, Numbers 31:38, Numbers 31:39, Numbers 31:40, Numbers 31:41, Numbers 31:42, Numbers 31:43, Numbers 31:44, Numbers 31:45, Numbers 31:46, Numbers 31:47, Numbers 31:48, Numbers 31:49, Numbers 31:50, Numbers 31:51, Numbers 31:52, Numbers 31:53, Numbers 31:54

Numbers 31 (KJV)

1And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying,

2Avenge the children of Israel of the Midianites: afterward shalt thou be gathered unto thy people.

3And Moses spake unto the people, saying, Arm some of yourselves unto the war, and let them go against the Midianites, and avenge the Lord of Midian.

4Of every tribe a thousand, throughout all the tribes of Israel, shall ye send to the war.

5So there were delivered out of the thousands of Israel, a thousand of every tribe, twelve thousand armed for war.

6And Moses sent them to the war, a thousand of every tribe, them and Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest, to the war, with the holy instruments, and the trumpets to blow in his hand.

7And they warred against the Midianites, as the Lord commanded Moses; and they slew all the males.

8And they slew the kings of Midian, beside the rest of them that were slain; namely, Evi, and Rekem, and Zur, and Hur, and Reba, five kings of Midian: Balaam also the son of Beor they slew with the sword.

9And the children of Israel took all the women of Midian captives, and their little ones, and took the spoil of all their cattle, and all their flocks, and all their goods.

10And they burnt all their cities wherein they dwelt, and all their goodly castles, with fire.

11And they took all the spoil, and all the prey, both of men and of beasts.

12And they brought the captives, and the prey, and the spoil, unto Moses, and Eleazar the priest, and unto the congregation of the children of Israel, unto the camp at the plains of Moab, which are by Jordan near Jericho.

13And Moses, and Eleazar the priest, and all the princes of the congregation, went forth to meet them without the camp.

14And Moses was wroth with the officers of the host, with the captains over thousands, and captains over hundreds, which came from the battle.

15And Moses said unto them, Have ye saved all the women alive?

16Behold, these caused the children of Israel, through the counsel of Balaam, to commit trespass against the Lord in the matter of Peor, and there was a plague among the congregation of the Lord.

17Now therefore kill every male among the little ones, and kill every woman that hath known man by lying with him.

18But all the women children, that have not known a man by lying with him, keep alive for yourselves.

19And do ye abide without the camp seven days: whosoever hath killed any person, and whosoever hath touched any slain, purify both yourselves and your captives on the third day, and on the seventh day.

20And purify all your raiment, and all that is made of skins, and all work of goats’ hair, and all things made of wood.

21And Eleazar the priest said unto the men of war which went to the battle, This is the ordinance of the law which the Lord commanded Moses;

22Only the gold, and the silver, the brass, the iron, the tin, and the lead,

23Every thing that may abide the fire, ye shall make it go through the fire, and it shall be clean: nevertheless it shall be purified with the water of separation: and all that abideth not the fire ye shall make go through the water.

24And ye shall wash your clothes on the seventh day, and ye shall be clean, and afterward ye shall come into the camp.

25And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying,

26Take the sum of the prey that was taken, both of man and of beast, thou, and Eleazar the priest, and the chief fathers of the congregation:

27And divide the prey into two parts; between them that took the war upon them, who went out to battle, and between all the congregation:

28And levy a tribute unto the Lord of the men of war which went out to battle: one soul of five hundred, both of the persons, and of the beeves, and of the asses, and of the sheep:

29Take it of their half, and give it unto Eleazar the priest, for an heave offering of the Lord.

30And of the children of Israel’s half, thou shalt take one portion of fifty, of the persons, of the beeves, of the asses, and of the flocks, of all manner of beasts, and give them unto the Levites, which keep the charge of the tabernacle of the Lord.

31And Moses and Eleazar the priest did as the Lord commanded Moses.

32And the booty, being the rest of the prey which the men of war had caught, was six hundred thousand and seventy thousand and five thousand sheep,

33And threescore and twelve thousand beeves,

34And threescore and one thousand asses,

35And thirty and two thousand persons in all, of women that had not known man by lying with him.

36And the half, which was the portion of them that went out to war, was in number three hundred thousand and seven and thirty thousand and five hundred sheep:

37And the Lord’s tribute of the sheep was six hundred and threescore and fifteen.

38And the beeves were thirty and six thousand; of which the Lord’s tribute was threescore and twelve.

39And the asses were thirty thousand and five hundred; of which the Lord’s tribute was threescore and one.

40And the persons were sixteen thousand; of which the Lord’s tribute was thirty and two persons.

41And Moses gave the tribute, which was the Lord’s heave offering, unto Eleazar the priest, as the Lord commanded Moses.

42And of the children of Israel’s half, which Moses divided from the men that warred,

43(Now the half that pertained unto the congregation was three hundred thousand and thirty thousand and seven thousand and five hundred sheep,

44And thirty and six thousand beeves,

45And thirty thousand asses and five hundred,

46And sixteen thousand persons;)

47Even of the children of Israel’s half, Moses took one portion of fifty, both of man and of beast, and gave them unto the Levites, which kept the charge of the tabernacle of the Lord; as the Lord commanded Moses.

48And the officers which were over thousands of the host, the captains of thousands, and captains of hundreds, came near unto Moses:

49And they said unto Moses, Thy servants have taken the sum of the men of war which are under our charge, and there lacketh not one man of us.

50We have therefore brought an oblation for the Lord, what every man hath gotten, of jewels of gold, chains, and bracelets, rings, earrings, and tablets, to make an atonement for our souls before the Lord.

51And Moses and Eleazar the priest took the gold of them, even all wrought jewels.

52And all the gold of the offering that they offered up to the Lord, of the captains of thousands, and of the captains of hundreds, was sixteen thousand seven hundred and fifty shekels.

53(For the men of war had taken spoil, every man for himself.)

54And Moses and Eleazar the priest took the gold of the captains of thousands and of hundreds, and brought it into the tabernacle of the congregation, for a memorial for the children of Israel before the Lord.

This page shows the King James Version. In the app, reading opens in the Berean Standard Bible unless you have chosen another translation. The reader includes five translations: the Berean Standard Bible (BSB), the King James Version (KJV), the World English Bible (WEB), the Bible in Basic English (BBE), and the American Standard Version (ASV). Search covers three of them: Berean Standard, King James, and World English. Basic English and American Standard readers search the King James words.

Historical context

The returned spoil is counted as 675,000 sheep, 72,000 cattle, 61,000 donkeys and 32,000 female captives who had not slept with a man. Each category is split in half. One in five hundred from the soldiers' share goes to Eleazar; one in fifty from the congregation's share goes to the Levites. The listed tribute includes thirty-two people given to Eleazar. Human captives are thus counted and distributed alongside animals; their individual later lives are not narrated. The officers' gold contribution totals 16,750 shekels.

Cited passages: Numbers 31:25, Numbers 31:26, Numbers 31:27, Numbers 31:28, Numbers 31:29, Numbers 31:30, Numbers 31:31, Numbers 31:32, Numbers 31:33, Numbers 31:34, Numbers 31:35, Numbers 31:36, Numbers 31:37, Numbers 31:38, Numbers 31:39, Numbers 31:40, Numbers 31:41, Numbers 31:42, Numbers 31:43, Numbers 31:44, Numbers 31:45, Numbers 31:46, Numbers 31:47, Numbers 31:48, Numbers 31:49, Numbers 31:50, Numbers 31:51, Numbers 31:52, Numbers 31:53, Numbers 31:54

Literary context

The account moves from a short battle report to Moses' command about the captives, purification and a lengthy inventory. Its attribution of the Peor offense to Balaam appears in Moses' speech, adding an accusation absent from the earlier blessing scenes. Even participants in this commanded war must undergo purification after killing or touching the dead. The officers' report that none of their men is missing stands against the deaths and captivity inflicted on Midian. The closing memorial preserves their offering without supplying the captives' voices.

Cited passages: Numbers 31:2, Numbers 31:3, Numbers 31:4, Numbers 31:5, Numbers 31:6, Numbers 31:7, Numbers 31:8, Numbers 31:9, Numbers 31:10, Numbers 31:11, Numbers 31:12, Numbers 31:13, Numbers 31:14, Numbers 31:15, Numbers 31:16, Numbers 31:17, Numbers 31:18, Numbers 31:19, Numbers 31:20, Numbers 31:21, Numbers 31:22, Numbers 31:23, Numbers 31:24, Numbers 31:48, Numbers 31:49, Numbers 31:50, Numbers 31:51, Numbers 31:52, Numbers 31:53, Numbers 31:54

Key moments

  1. Balaam among the slain (Numbers 31:8). The battle report names Balaam alongside the five Midianite kings who are killed.
  2. Moses' order about the captives (Numbers 31:17). Moses orders the deaths of male children and women who have slept with a man; the next verse specifies which girls are to be kept alive.
  3. The officers' report (Numbers 31:49). The officers say their count shows no man missing from their forces.

For reflection

How does the movement from battle to captives and inventories affect your reading? Whose actions and words are recorded, and whose experiences remain outside the account?

People in this chapter

Also indexed here:

  • Beor
  • Evi
  • Hur
  • Reba
  • Rekem
  • Zur