The Histories · Old Testament
Nehemiah 9
Nehemiah 9: a day of fasting and the Levites' long prayer of confession
General context
On the twenty-fourth day of the month the children of Israel assemble with fasting, sackcloth and earth on them. The seed of Israel separate from all strangers and confess their sins and their fathers' iniquities. They read the law for a fourth of the day and confess and worship for another fourth. Levites on the stairs cry aloud to the Lord, and a second group of Levites calls the people to stand and bless the Lord. The prayer praises God as the only Lord who made heaven and earth, recalls the choice of Abram, his renaming as Abraham and the covenant of the land, then Egypt, the signs against Pharaoh, the divided sea, the pillars of cloud and fire, Sinai, the sabbath, manna and water from the rock. It confesses that the fathers hardened their necks, appointed a captain to return to bondage and made a molten calf, yet God, ready to pardon, did not forsake them and sustained them forty years. It recalls Sihon and Og, the conquest of a fat land, then disobedience, the killing of prophets, deliverance into enemies' hands, saviours raised up when they cried, and finally the people of the lands, with the assurance that God did not utterly consume them. It asks God not to let the trouble since the kings of Assyria seem small, admits that God has done right and the people wickedly, and says they are servants in their own land, its increase going to the kings set over them, and in great distress. Because of all this they make a sure covenant, write it, and have princes, Levites and priests seal it.
Cited passages: Nehemiah 9:1, Nehemiah 9:2, Nehemiah 9:3, Nehemiah 9:4, Nehemiah 9:5, Nehemiah 9:6, Nehemiah 9:7, Nehemiah 9:11, Nehemiah 9:14, Nehemiah 9:17, Nehemiah 9:18, Nehemiah 9:21, Nehemiah 9:22, Nehemiah 9:26, Nehemiah 9:27, Nehemiah 9:30, Nehemiah 9:31, Nehemiah 9:32, Nehemiah 9:33, Nehemiah 9:36, Nehemiah 9:37, Nehemiah 9:38
Nehemiah 9 (KJV)
1Now in the twenty and fourth day of this month the children of Israel were assembled with fasting, and with sackclothes, and earth upon them.
2And the seed of Israel separated themselves from all strangers, and stood and confessed their sins, and the iniquities of their fathers.
3And they stood up in their place, and read in the book of the law of the Lord their God one fourth part of the day; and another fourth part they confessed, and worshipped the Lord their God.
4Then stood up upon the stairs, of the Levites, Jeshua, and Bani, Kadmiel, Shebaniah, Bunni, Sherebiah, Bani, and Chenani, and cried with a loud voice unto the Lord their God.
5Then the Levites, Jeshua, and Kadmiel, Bani, Hashabniah, Sherebiah, Hodijah, Shebaniah, and Pethahiah, said, Stand up and bless the Lord your God for ever and ever: and blessed be thy glorious name, which is exalted above all blessing and praise.
6Thou, even thou, art Lord alone; thou hast made heaven, the heaven of heavens, with all their host, the earth, and all things that are therein, the seas, and all that is therein, and thou preservest them all; and the host of heaven worshippeth thee.
7Thou art the Lord the God, who didst choose Abram, and broughtest him forth out of Ur of the Chaldees, and gavest him the name of Abraham;
8And foundest his heart faithful before thee, and madest a covenant with him to give the land of the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Amorites, and the Perizzites, and the Jebusites, and the Girgashites, to give it, I say, to his seed, and hast performed thy words; for thou art righteous:
9And didst see the affliction of our fathers in Egypt, and heardest their cry by the Red sea;
10And shewedst signs and wonders upon Pharaoh, and on all his servants, and on all the people of his land: for thou knewest that they dealt proudly against them. So didst thou get thee a name, as it is this day.
11And thou didst divide the sea before them, so that they went through the midst of the sea on the dry land; and their persecutors thou threwest into the deeps, as a stone into the mighty waters.
12Moreover thou leddest them in the day by a cloudy pillar; and in the night by a pillar of fire, to give them light in the way wherein they should go.
13Thou camest down also upon mount Sinai, and spakest with them from heaven, and gavest them right judgments, and true laws, good statutes and commandments:
14And madest known unto them thy holy sabbath, and commandedst them precepts, statutes, and laws, by the hand of Moses thy servant:
15And gavest them bread from heaven for their hunger, and broughtest forth water for them out of the rock for their thirst, and promisedst them that they should go in to possess the land which thou hadst sworn to give them.
16But they and our fathers dealt proudly, and hardened their necks, and hearkened not to thy commandments,
17And refused to obey, neither were mindful of thy wonders that thou didst among them; but hardened their necks, and in their rebellion appointed a captain to return to their bondage: but thou art a God ready to pardon, gracious and merciful, slow to anger, and of great kindness, and forsookest them not.
18Yea, when they had made them a molten calf, and said, This is thy God that brought thee up out of Egypt, and had wrought great provocations;
19Yet thou in thy manifold mercies forsookest them not in the wilderness: the pillar of the cloud departed not from them by day, to lead them in the way; neither the pillar of fire by night, to shew them light, and the way wherein they should go.
20Thou gavest also thy good spirit to instruct them, and withheldest not thy manna from their mouth, and gavest them water for their thirst.
21Yea, forty years didst thou sustain them in the wilderness, so that they lacked nothing; their clothes waxed not old, and their feet swelled not.
22Moreover thou gavest them kingdoms and nations, and didst divide them into corners: so they possessed the land of Sihon, and the land of the king of Heshbon, and the land of Og king of Bashan.
23Their children also multipliedst thou as the stars of heaven, and broughtest them into the land, concerning which thou hadst promised to their fathers, that they should go in to possess it.
24So the children went in and possessed the land, and thou subduedst before them the inhabitants of the land, the Canaanites, and gavest them into their hands, with their kings, and the people of the land, that they might do with them as they would.
25And they took strong cities, and a fat land, and possessed houses full of all goods, wells digged, vineyards, and oliveyards, and fruit trees in abundance: so they did eat, and were filled, and became fat, and delighted themselves in thy great goodness.
26Nevertheless they were disobedient, and rebelled against thee, and cast thy law behind their backs, and slew thy prophets which testified against them to turn them to thee, and they wrought great provocations.
27Therefore thou deliveredst them into the hand of their enemies, who vexed them: and in the time of their trouble, when they cried unto thee, thou heardest them from heaven; and according to thy manifold mercies thou gavest them saviours, who saved them out of the hand of their enemies.
28But after they had rest, they did evil again before thee: therefore leftest thou them in the hand of their enemies, so that they had the dominion over them: yet when they returned, and cried unto thee, thou heardest them from heaven; and many times didst thou deliver them according to thy mercies;
29And testifiedst against them, that thou mightest bring them again unto thy law: yet they dealt proudly, and hearkened not unto thy commandments, but sinned against thy judgments, (which if a man do, he shall live in them;) and withdrew the shoulder, and hardened their neck, and would not hear.
30Yet many years didst thou forbear them, and testifiedst against them by thy spirit in thy prophets: yet would they not give ear: therefore gavest thou them into the hand of the people of the lands.
31Nevertheless for thy great mercies’ sake thou didst not utterly consume them, nor forsake them; for thou art a gracious and merciful God.
32Now therefore, our God, the great, the mighty, and the terrible God, who keepest covenant and mercy, let not all the trouble seem little before thee, that hath come upon us, on our kings, on our princes, and on our priests, and on our prophets, and on our fathers, and on all thy people, since the time of the kings of Assyria unto this day.
33Howbeit thou art just in all that is brought upon us; for thou hast done right, but we have done wickedly:
34Neither have our kings, our princes, our priests, nor our fathers, kept thy law, nor hearkened unto thy commandments and thy testimonies, wherewith thou didst testify against them.
35For they have not served thee in their kingdom, and in thy great goodness that thou gavest them, and in the large and fat land which thou gavest before them, neither turned they from their wicked works.
36Behold, we are servants this day, and for the land that thou gavest unto our fathers to eat the fruit thereof and the good thereof, behold, we are servants in it:
37And it yieldeth much increase unto the kings whom thou hast set over us because of our sins: also they have dominion over our bodies, and over our cattle, at their pleasure, and we are in great distress.
38And because of all this we make a sure covenant, and write it; and our princes, Levites, and priests, seal unto it.
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Historical context
The prayer is attributed to the Levites named in verse 5, not to Ezra or Nehemiah, neither of whom is mentioned in the chapter. Two Levite lists are given, on the stairs in verse 4 and as speakers in verse 5, with overlapping but not identical names, and Bani appears twice in the first. The date, the twenty-fourth day of this month, follows the seventh-month feast of chapter 8, and the chapter names no year. The retelling of history runs from creation to the present without mentioning David, Solomon, the temple, the exile to Babylon or the return under Cyrus; it moves from the repeated pattern of rescue by saviours straight to the people of the lands and the kings of Assyria. The prayer draws on the law's own language, and its clause which if a man do, he shall live in them is set off as a quotation. The present condition is described as servitude in their own land under kings God has set over them, which is the people's self-description, not a narrator's summary. The separation from all strangers in verse 2 is stated without detail. The covenant of the last verse is spelled out in chapter 10, where the sealers are listed.
Cited passages: Nehemiah 9:5, Nehemiah 9:4, Nehemiah 9:1, Nehemiah 8:18, Nehemiah 9:28, Nehemiah 9:30, Nehemiah 9:32, Nehemiah 9:29, Nehemiah 9:37, Nehemiah 9:2, Nehemiah 9:38, Nehemiah 10:1
Literary context
The prayer alternates God's giving with the people's refusing. Each stage of the story is introduced by what God did, choosing, seeing, dividing, leading, giving, and answered by a but or nevertheless that records rebellion, then by a yet that records mercy. The same words return at each turn: dealt proudly, hardened their necks, thy manifold mercies, forsookest them not. The retelling grows shorter as it nears the present, so that the long wilderness section gives way to a compressed cycle of sin and rescue and then to a single sentence about the people of the lands. The address shifts from thou didst to we are as the history reaches this day, and the final petition is not for deliverance but for God to see the trouble and to accept a written covenant. The chapter's posture, standing and confessing, fasting in sackcloth and earth, reverses the feasting of chapter 8, and its last verse turns spoken confession into a sealed document, which chapter 10 then lists name by name.
Cited passages: Nehemiah 9:7, Nehemiah 9:16, Nehemiah 9:19, Nehemiah 9:26, Nehemiah 9:29, Nehemiah 9:30, Nehemiah 9:36, Nehemiah 9:32, Nehemiah 9:1, Nehemiah 8:12, Nehemiah 9:38
Key moments
- Fasting in sackcloth and earth (Nehemiah 9:1). Israel assembles on the twenty-fourth day to fast and confess.
- Levites cry from the stairs (Nehemiah 9:4). Named Levites stand on the stairs and cry aloud to the Lord.
- Thou art Lord alone (Nehemiah 9:6). The prayer opens with God as maker and preserver of heaven and earth.
- A God ready to pardon (Nehemiah 9:17). Despite rebellion and a captain chosen to return to bondage, God does not forsake them.
- Prophets slain, saviours sent (Nehemiah 9:27). The cycle of rebellion, oppression, crying out and rescue is recounted.
- Servants in our own land (Nehemiah 9:36). The people describe their present bondage in the land given to their fathers.
- A written covenant (Nehemiah 9:38). Princes, Levites and priests seal a sure covenant in writing.
For reflection
The prayer calls the people servants in the very land given to their fathers, with its increase going to foreign kings. How does telling the whole story from Abram onward change what it means to say we are in great distress?
People in this chapter
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