The Histories · Old Testament
Judges 4
Deborah summons Barak and Jael kills Sisera
General context
After Ehud's death, Israel again does evil and is subjected to Jabin of Hazor. His commander Sisera has nine hundred iron chariots, and twenty years of oppression bring Israel's cry to the Lord. Deborah, a prophetess and judge, summons Barak and gives the Lord's command to gather ten thousand from Naphtali and Zebulun at Mount Tabor. Barak agrees to go if she accompanies him. She does, but says Sisera will be given into a woman's hand and the expedition's honour will not be his. At her call Barak descends, and the Lord routs Sisera's force. Barak pursues the army while Sisera flees on foot to Jael's tent, relying on peace between Jabin and her husband Heber's household. Jael welcomes and covers him, gives milk when he asks for water, and kills him with a tent peg while he sleeps. She shows his body to Barak. The ending credits God with subduing Jabin and describes Israel continuing to prevail until Jabin is destroyed.
Cited passages: Judges 4:1, Judges 4:2, Judges 4:3, Judges 4:4, Judges 4:5, Judges 4:6, Judges 4:7, Judges 4:8, Judges 4:9, Judges 4:10, Judges 4:11, Judges 4:12, Judges 4:13, Judges 4:14, Judges 4:15, Judges 4:16, Judges 4:17, Judges 4:18, Judges 4:19, Judges 4:20, Judges 4:21, Judges 4:22, Judges 4:23, Judges 4:24
Judges 4 (KJV)
1And the children of Israel again did evil in the sight of the Lord, when Ehud was dead.
2And the Lord sold them into the hand of Jabin king of Canaan, that reigned in Hazor; the captain of whose host was Sisera, which dwelt in Harosheth of the Gentiles.
3And the children of Israel cried unto the Lord: for he had nine hundred chariots of iron; and twenty years he mightily oppressed the children of Israel.
4And Deborah, a prophetess, the wife of Lapidoth, she judged Israel at that time.
5And she dwelt under the palm tree of Deborah between Ramah and Beth-el in mount Ephraim: and the children of Israel came up to her for judgment.
6And she sent and called Barak the son of Abinoam out of Kedesh-naphtali, and said unto him, Hath not the Lord God of Israel commanded, saying, Go and draw toward mount Tabor, and take with thee ten thousand men of the children of Naphtali and of the children of Zebulun?
7And I will draw unto thee to the river Kishon Sisera, the captain of Jabin’s army, with his chariots and his multitude; and I will deliver him into thine hand.
8And Barak said unto her, If thou wilt go with me, then I will go: but if thou wilt not go with me, then I will not go.
9And she said, I will surely go with thee: notwithstanding the journey that thou takest shall not be for thine honour; for the Lord shall sell Sisera into the hand of a woman. And Deborah arose, and went with Barak to Kedesh.
10And Barak called Zebulun and Naphtali to Kedesh; and he went up with ten thousand men at his feet: and Deborah went up with him.
11Now Heber the Kenite, which was of the children of Hobab the father in law of Moses, had severed himself from the Kenites, and pitched his tent unto the plain of Zaanaim, which is by Kedesh.
12And they shewed Sisera that Barak the son of Abinoam was gone up to mount Tabor.
13And Sisera gathered together all his chariots, even nine hundred chariots of iron, and all the people that were with him, from Harosheth of the Gentiles unto the river of Kishon.
14And Deborah said unto Barak, Up; for this is the day in which the Lord hath delivered Sisera into thine hand: is not the Lord gone out before thee? So Barak went down from mount Tabor, and ten thousand men after him.
15And the Lord discomfited Sisera, and all his chariots, and all his host, with the edge of the sword before Barak; so that Sisera lighted down off his chariot, and fled away on his feet.
16But Barak pursued after the chariots, and after the host, unto Harosheth of the Gentiles: and all the host of Sisera fell upon the edge of the sword; and there was not a man left.
17Howbeit Sisera fled away on his feet to the tent of Jael the wife of Heber the Kenite: for there was peace between Jabin the king of Hazor and the house of Heber the Kenite.
18And Jael went out to meet Sisera, and said unto him, Turn in, my lord, turn in to me; fear not. And when he had turned in unto her into the tent, she covered him with a mantle.
19And he said unto her, Give me, I pray thee, a little water to drink; for I am thirsty. And she opened a bottle of milk, and gave him drink, and covered him.
20Again he said unto her, Stand in the door of the tent, and it shall be, when any man doth come and enquire of thee, and say, Is there any man here? that thou shalt say, No.
21Then Jael Heber’s wife took a nail of the tent, and took an hammer in her hand, and went softly unto him, and smote the nail into his temples, and fastened it into the ground: for he was fast asleep and weary. So he died.
22And, behold, as Barak pursued Sisera, Jael came out to meet him, and said unto him, Come, and I will shew thee the man whom thou seekest. And when he came into her tent, behold, Sisera lay dead, and the nail was in his temples.
23So God subdued on that day Jabin the king of Canaan before the children of Israel.
24And the hand of the children of Israel prospered, and prevailed against Jabin the king of Canaan, until they had destroyed Jabin king of Canaan.
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Historical context
Deborah is identified as Lapidoth's wife and is already judging Israel beneath the palm of Deborah between Ramah and Bethel when she summons Barak. The nine hundred chariots, twenty years and ten thousand troops are stated figures. Heber belongs to the Kenite family connected with Hobab; KJV calls Hobab Moses' father-in-law here, while ASV and BBE say brother-in-law. The story gives peace between Heber's household and Jabin as the reason Sisera seeks Jael's tent, without supplying Jael's private reason for killing him. Sisera's defeat and the eventual destruction of Jabin are related but distinct statements. The chapter does not explain its Jabin's relationship to the earlier king of Hazor in Joshua 11.
Cited passages: Judges 4:2, Judges 4:3, Judges 4:4, Judges 4:5, Judges 4:6, Judges 4:7, Judges 4:8, Judges 4:9, Judges 4:10, Judges 4:11, Judges 4:13, Judges 4:14, Judges 4:15, Judges 4:16, Judges 4:17, Judges 4:18, Judges 4:19, Judges 4:20, Judges 4:21, Judges 4:22, Judges 4:23, Judges 4:24, Joshua 11:1, Joshua 11:10, Joshua 11:11
Literary context
Deborah's announcement that a woman will receive Sisera sets an expectation before Jael is introduced as the agent of his death. The military pursuit and the tent scene separate Barak's defeat of the army from Sisera's final fate. Within the tent, welcome, covering and a drink create an appearance of safety before the killing. Jael's invitation to Barak reveals the result of the pursuit and answers the earlier prediction. The closing verses widen the focus from Sisera back to Jabin's rule.
Cited passages: Judges 4:6, Judges 4:7, Judges 4:8, Judges 4:9, Judges 4:10, Judges 4:11, Judges 4:12, Judges 4:13, Judges 4:14, Judges 4:15, Judges 4:16, Judges 4:17, Judges 4:18, Judges 4:19, Judges 4:20, Judges 4:21, Judges 4:22, Judges 4:23, Judges 4:24
Key moments
- Deborah already judges Israel (Judges 4:4). She is introduced as a prophetess, Lapidoth's wife and Israel's judge.
- Barak asks her to accompany him (Judges 4:8). He makes Deborah's presence a condition of his going.
- The descent from Tabor (Judges 4:14). At Deborah's call, Barak comes down the mountain with ten thousand men.
- Jael shows Barak Sisera's body (Judges 4:22). She brings the pursuer into the tent, where Sisera lies dead.
For reflection
The account distributes important actions among Deborah, Barak and Jael. What do you notice when you follow each person's stated role without making one of them stand for the whole story?
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