The Histories · Old Testament
Judges 19
The violence at Gibeah and the Levite's summons to Israel
General context
In the period without a king, a Levite from Ephraim goes to Bethlehem to bring back his concubine, who has spent four months at her father's house. Repeated hospitality delays their departure until late on the fifth day. He rejects lodging in Jebus because it is not an Israelite city and continues to Benjamin's Gibeah. No one initially receives them, until an older resident from Ephraim offers shelter. Men surround the house and demand the male guest for sexual assault. The host offers his own daughter and the concubine instead. The Levite brings his concubine out, and the men rape and abuse her through the night. At dawn she falls at the house's entrance. In the morning he tells her to get up, but receives no answer. He takes her home, dismembers her into twelve parts and sends them throughout Israel. Those who see this express horror and call for deliberation and a response.
Cited passages: Judges 19:1, Judges 19:2, Judges 19:3, Judges 19:4, Judges 19:5, Judges 19:6, Judges 19:7, Judges 19:8, Judges 19:9, Judges 19:10, Judges 19:11, Judges 19:12, Judges 19:13, Judges 19:14, Judges 19:15, Judges 19:16, Judges 19:17, Judges 19:18, Judges 19:19, Judges 19:20, Judges 19:21, Judges 19:22, Judges 19:23, Judges 19:24, Judges 19:25, Judges 19:26, Judges 19:27, Judges 19:28, Judges 19:29, Judges 19:30
Judges 19 (KJV)
1And it came to pass in those days, when there was no king in Israel, that there was a certain Levite sojourning on the side of mount Ephraim, who took to him a concubine out of Beth-lehem-judah.
2And his concubine played the whore against him, and went away from him unto her father’s house to Beth-lehem-judah, and was there four whole months.
3And her husband arose, and went after her, to speak friendly unto her, and to bring her again, having his servant with him, and a couple of asses: and she brought him into her father’s house: and when the father of the damsel saw him, he rejoiced to meet him.
4And his father in law, the damsel’s father, retained him; and he abode with him three days: so they did eat and drink, and lodged there.
5And it came to pass on the fourth day, when they arose early in the morning, that he rose up to depart: and the damsel’s father said unto his son in law, Comfort thine heart with a morsel of bread, and afterward go your way.
6And they sat down, and did eat and drink both of them together: for the damsel’s father had said unto the man, Be content, I pray thee, and tarry all night, and let thine heart be merry.
7And when the man rose up to depart, his father in law urged him: therefore he lodged there again.
8And he arose early in the morning on the fifth day to depart: and the damsel’s father said, Comfort thine heart, I pray thee. And they tarried until afternoon, and they did eat both of them.
9And when the man rose up to depart, he, and his concubine, and his servant, his father in law, the damsel’s father, said unto him, Behold, now the day draweth toward evening, I pray you tarry all night: behold, the day groweth to an end, lodge here, that thine heart may be merry; and to morrow get you early on your way, that thou mayest go home.
10But the man would not tarry that night, but he rose up and departed, and came over against Jebus, which is Jerusalem; and there were with him two asses saddled, his concubine also was with him.
11And when they were by Jebus, the day was far spent; and the servant said unto his master, Come, I pray thee, and let us turn in into this city of the Jebusites, and lodge in it.
12And his master said unto him, We will not turn aside hither into the city of a stranger, that is not of the children of Israel; we will pass over to Gibeah.
13And he said unto his servant, Come, and let us draw near to one of these places to lodge all night, in Gibeah, or in Ramah.
14And they passed on and went their way; and the sun went down upon them when they were by Gibeah, which belongeth to Benjamin.
15And they turned aside thither, to go in and to lodge in Gibeah: and when he went in, he sat him down in a street of the city: for there was no man that took them into his house to lodging.
16And, behold, there came an old man from his work out of the field at even, which was also of mount Ephraim; and he sojourned in Gibeah: but the men of the place were Benjamites.
17And when he had lifted up his eyes, he saw a wayfaring man in the street of the city: and the old man said, Whither goest thou? and whence comest thou?
18And he said unto him, We are passing from Beth-lehem-judah toward the side of mount Ephraim; from thence am I: and I went to Beth-lehem-judah, but I am now going to the house of the Lord; and there is no man that receiveth me to house.
19Yet there is both straw and provender for our asses; and there is bread and wine also for me, and for thy handmaid, and for the young man which is with thy servants: there is no want of any thing.
20And the old man said, Peace be with thee; howsoever let all thy wants lie upon me; only lodge not in the street.
21So he brought him into his house, and gave provender unto the asses: and they washed their feet, and did eat and drink.
22Now as they were making their hearts merry, behold, the men of the city, certain sons of Belial, beset the house round about, and beat at the door, and spake to the master of the house, the old man, saying, Bring forth the man that came into thine house, that we may know him.
23And the man, the master of the house, went out unto them, and said unto them, Nay, my brethren, nay, I pray you, do not so wickedly; seeing that this man is come into mine house, do not this folly.
24Behold, here is my daughter a maiden, and his concubine; them I will bring out now, and humble ye them, and do with them what seemeth good unto you: but unto this man do not so vile a thing.
25But the men would not hearken to him: so the man took his concubine, and brought her forth unto them; and they knew her, and abused her all the night until the morning: and when the day began to spring, they let her go.
26Then came the woman in the dawning of the day, and fell down at the door of the man’s house where her lord was, till it was light.
27And her lord rose up in the morning, and opened the doors of the house, and went out to go his way: and, behold, the woman his concubine was fallen down at the door of the house, and her hands were upon the threshold.
28And he said unto her, Up, and let us be going. But none answered. Then the man took her up upon an ass, and the man rose up, and gat him unto his place.
29And when he was come into his house, he took a knife, and laid hold on his concubine, and divided her, together with her bones, into twelve pieces, and sent her into all the coasts of Israel.
30And it was so, that all that saw it said, There was no such deed done nor seen from the day that the children of Israel came up out of the land of Egypt unto this day: consider of it, take advice, and speak your minds.
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Historical context
The Levite, woman, her father, the host and his daughter are unnamed. No link identifies this Levite with Micah's priest. Verse 2 describes the woman's departure differently: KJV/ASV state sexual unfaithfulness, while BBE says she was angry with him. The descriptions differ on the separation; neither supplies the woman's own explanation for leaving. In verse 18 the stated destination is the Lord's house in KJV/ASV and the man's own house in BBE. All three give no answer at the threshold rather than a precise time of death there; chapter 20 explicitly calls her dead. The host's offer and the Levite's delivery are their acts, not a command from the Lord. The twelve parts make the crime a summons across Israel.
Cited passages: Judges 19:1, Judges 19:2, Judges 19:3, Judges 19:18, Judges 19:22, Judges 19:23, Judges 19:24, Judges 19:25, Judges 19:26, Judges 19:27, Judges 19:28, Judges 19:29, Judges 19:30, Judges 20:4, Judges 20:5, Judges 20:6
Literary context
The prolonged welcome in Bethlehem gives way to failed hospitality in Gibeah. The Levite rejects a foreign city as unsuitable, only to meet violence within Israel. The mob's demand and the host's offer of women echo Genesis 19, but here the threatened woman is handed over. Her hands at the threshold and the unanswered command give the ending its stark human focus before her dismemberment is used to address the nation. The woman is never given a spoken response in the account.
Cited passages: Judges 19:3, Judges 19:4, Judges 19:5, Judges 19:6, Judges 19:7, Judges 19:8, Judges 19:9, Judges 19:10, Judges 19:11, Judges 19:12, Judges 19:13, Judges 19:14, Judges 19:15, Judges 19:16, Judges 19:17, Judges 19:18, Judges 19:19, Judges 19:20, Judges 19:21, Judges 19:22, Judges 19:23, Judges 19:24, Judges 19:25, Judges 19:26, Judges 19:27, Judges 19:28, Judges 19:29, Judges 19:30, Genesis 19:4, Genesis 19:5, Genesis 19:6, Genesis 19:7, Genesis 19:8
Key moments
- An Israelite city is preferred (Judges 19:12). The Levite rejects Jebus as foreign and chooses to continue toward Gibeah.
- Women are offered to the mob (Judges 19:24). The host offers his daughter and the concubine in place of the male guest.
- Her hands at the threshold (Judges 19:27). The Levite finds the woman fallen at the entrance in the morning.
- A demand for deliberation (Judges 19:30). Those who see what was sent call on Israel to consider, take counsel and speak.
For reflection
The account turns a woman's suffering into a demand for a public response. What must remain visible about her treatment when others begin speaking on her behalf?
People in this chapter
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