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The Torah · Old Testament

Genesis 42

Joseph recognizes his brothers and keeps Simeon while they return home

General context

Jacob sends ten sons to buy grain in Egypt, keeping Benjamin home because he fears harm. The brothers bow before Joseph, who recognizes them while they do not recognize him. Remembering his dreams, Joseph speaks harshly and accuses them of spying. They explain their family and the youngest brother's absence. Joseph first proposes keeping them while one brings Benjamin, then confines them all for three days. On the third day he says he fears God and changes the arrangement: one brother will remain while the others take food home and return with Benjamin. The brothers speak of their guilt in refusing Joseph's pleas, not knowing that he understands their speech, since he speaks to them through an interpreter. Joseph turns away to weep, then returns and has Simeon bound. He orders grain and travel provisions supplied and every man's money returned in his sack. One brother discovers his money on the journey, frightening them. At home they report the demand for Benjamin and discover all the returned money. Jacob refuses to send Benjamin despite Reuben's offer to answer for his return with the lives of his own two sons.

Cited passages: Genesis 42:1, Genesis 42:2, Genesis 42:3, Genesis 42:4, Genesis 42:5, Genesis 42:6, Genesis 42:7, Genesis 42:8, Genesis 42:9, Genesis 42:10, Genesis 42:11, Genesis 42:12, Genesis 42:13, Genesis 42:14, Genesis 42:15, Genesis 42:16, Genesis 42:17, Genesis 42:18, Genesis 42:19, Genesis 42:20, Genesis 42:21, Genesis 42:22, Genesis 42:23, Genesis 42:24, Genesis 42:25, Genesis 42:26, Genesis 42:27, Genesis 42:28, Genesis 42:29, Genesis 42:30, Genesis 42:31, Genesis 42:32, Genesis 42:33, Genesis 42:34, Genesis 42:35, Genesis 42:36, Genesis 42:37, Genesis 42:38

Genesis 42 (KJV)

1Now when Jacob saw that there was corn in Egypt, Jacob said unto his sons, Why do ye look one upon another?

2And he said, Behold, I have heard that there is corn in Egypt: get you down thither, and buy for us from thence; that we may live, and not die.

3And Joseph’s ten brethren went down to buy corn in Egypt.

4But Benjamin, Joseph’s brother, Jacob sent not with his brethren; for he said, Lest peradventure mischief befall him.

5And the sons of Israel came to buy corn among those that came: for the famine was in the land of Canaan.

6And Joseph was the governor over the land, and he it was that sold to all the people of the land: and Joseph’s brethren came, and bowed down themselves before him with their faces to the earth.

7And Joseph saw his brethren, and he knew them, but made himself strange unto them, and spake roughly unto them; and he said unto them, Whence come ye? And they said, From the land of Canaan to buy food.

8And Joseph knew his brethren, but they knew not him.

9And Joseph remembered the dreams which he dreamed of them, and said unto them, Ye are spies; to see the nakedness of the land ye are come.

10And they said unto him, Nay, my lord, but to buy food are thy servants come.

11We are all one man’s sons; we are true men, thy servants are no spies.

12And he said unto them, Nay, but to see the nakedness of the land ye are come.

13And they said, Thy servants are twelve brethren, the sons of one man in the land of Canaan; and, behold, the youngest is this day with our father, and one is not.

14And Joseph said unto them, That is it that I spake unto you, saying, Ye are spies:

15Hereby ye shall be proved: By the life of Pharaoh ye shall not go forth hence, except your youngest brother come hither.

16Send one of you, and let him fetch your brother, and ye shall be kept in prison, that your words may be proved, whether there be any truth in you: or else by the life of Pharaoh surely ye are spies.

17And he put them all together into ward three days.

18And Joseph said unto them the third day, This do, and live; for I fear God:

19If ye be true men, let one of your brethren be bound in the house of your prison: go ye, carry corn for the famine of your houses:

20But bring your youngest brother unto me; so shall your words be verified, and ye shall not die. And they did so.

21And they said one to another, We are verily guilty concerning our brother, in that we saw the anguish of his soul, when he besought us, and we would not hear; therefore is this distress come upon us.

22And Reuben answered them, saying, Spake I not unto you, saying, Do not sin against the child; and ye would not hear? therefore, behold, also his blood is required.

23And they knew not that Joseph understood them; for he spake unto them by an interpreter.

24And he turned himself about from them, and wept; and returned to them again, and communed with them, and took from them Simeon, and bound him before their eyes.

25Then Joseph commanded to fill their sacks with corn, and to restore every man’s money into his sack, and to give them provision for the way: and thus did he unto them.

26And they laded their asses with the corn, and departed thence.

27And as one of them opened his sack to give his ass provender in the inn, he espied his money; for, behold, it was in his sack’s mouth.

28And he said unto his brethren, My money is restored; and, lo, it is even in my sack: and their heart failed them, and they were afraid, saying one to another, What is this that God hath done unto us?

29And they came unto Jacob their father unto the land of Canaan, and told him all that befell unto them; saying,

30The man, who is the lord of the land, spake roughly to us, and took us for spies of the country.

31And we said unto him, We are true men; we are no spies:

32We be twelve brethren, sons of our father; one is not, and the youngest is this day with our father in the land of Canaan.

33And the man, the lord of the country, said unto us, Hereby shall I know that ye are true men; leave one of your brethren here with me, and take food for the famine of your households, and be gone:

34And bring your youngest brother unto me: then shall I know that ye are no spies, but that ye are true men: so will I deliver you your brother, and ye shall traffick in the land.

35And it came to pass as they emptied their sacks, that, behold, every man’s bundle of money was in his sack: and when both they and their father saw the bundles of money, they were afraid.

36And Jacob their father said unto them, Me have ye bereaved of my children: Joseph is not, and Simeon is not, and ye will take Benjamin away: all these things are against me.

37And Reuben spake unto his father, saying, Slay my two sons, if I bring him not to thee: deliver him into my hand, and I will bring him to thee again.

38And he said, My son shall not go down with you; for his brother is dead, and he is left alone: if mischief befall him by the way in the which ye go, then shall ye bring down my gray hairs with sorrow to the grave.

This page shows the King James Version. In the app, reading opens in the Berean Standard Bible unless you have chosen another translation. The reader includes five translations: the Berean Standard Bible (BSB), the King James Version (KJV), the World English Bible (WEB), the Bible in Basic English (BBE), and the American Standard Version (ASV). Search covers three of them: Berean Standard, King James, and World English. Basic English and American Standard readers search the King James words.

Historical context

The famine reaches Canaan, so the brothers travel to the land where Joseph governs grain sales. Benjamin remains with Jacob. The visitors describe themselves as twelve brothers, with the youngest at home and one no longer present. An interpreter stands between Joseph and the brothers, concealing from them that he understands their conversation. Simeon is the brother Joseph keeps; no reason for selecting him is stated. Joseph orders the money returned, though the brothers do not know this. One bundle is noticed at a lodging place on the way, and the full set is discovered as they empty their sacks at home. Jacob's statements about Joseph's death and Simeon's absence express his understanding, while the reader knows Joseph is alive and Simeon is detained.

Cited passages: Genesis 42:1, Genesis 42:2, Genesis 42:3, Genesis 42:4, Genesis 42:5, Genesis 42:6, Genesis 42:7, Genesis 42:8, Genesis 42:13, Genesis 42:17, Genesis 42:18, Genesis 42:19, Genesis 42:20, Genesis 42:21, Genesis 42:22, Genesis 42:23, Genesis 42:24, Genesis 42:25, Genesis 42:26, Genesis 42:27, Genesis 42:28, Genesis 42:29, Genesis 42:30, Genesis 42:31, Genesis 42:32, Genesis 42:33, Genesis 42:34, Genesis 42:35, Genesis 42:36, Genesis 42:37, Genesis 42:38

Literary context

Unequal knowledge shapes the encounter. Joseph recognizes his brothers and remembers his dreams, but they see the ruler who sells grain in Egypt. Their conversation brings the distress and pleas of the brother they wronged into the present scene. They understand their trouble as a consequence of that wrong, while Joseph's private weeping gives the reader information they lack. The returned money deepens their fear even though the reader has heard Joseph's order. The chapter moves from the brothers' lack of recognition to Jacob's refusal to risk Benjamin. Joseph has not revealed himself, and the family has not been reunited at the close.

Cited passages: Genesis 42:6, Genesis 42:7, Genesis 42:8, Genesis 42:9, Genesis 42:13, Genesis 42:21, Genesis 42:22, Genesis 42:23, Genesis 42:24, Genesis 42:25, Genesis 42:27, Genesis 42:28, Genesis 42:29, Genesis 42:35, Genesis 42:36, Genesis 42:37, Genesis 42:38

Key moments

  1. Joseph recognizes his brothers (Genesis 42:8). He knows them, but they do not recognize him.
  2. The brothers recall their guilt (Genesis 42:21). They remember refusing to listen to their brother in his distress and connect that wrong with their present trouble.
  3. Simeon remains in custody (Genesis 42:24). After turning away to weep, Joseph returns and binds Simeon before the others.
  4. Jacob refuses to send Benjamin (Genesis 42:38). Jacob fears that another loss would bring him to the grave in sorrow.

For reflection

How do the different things Joseph, his brothers and Jacob know affect your reading of their words and fears?

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