The Histories · Old Testament
1 Samuel 22
Saul orders the killing of the priests
General context
David's family and about four hundred distressed, indebted or discontented men gather to him. He places his parents under the protection of Moab's king and follows Gad's instruction to return to Judah. Saul accuses his servants of conspiracy, and Doeg reports Ahimelech's help to David. Ahimelech denies knowing of a plot. Saul orders the priests killed; his guards refuse, but Doeg obeys. Nob is devastated, and Abiathar escapes to David.
Cited passages: 1 Samuel 22:1, 1 Samuel 22:2, 1 Samuel 22:3, 1 Samuel 22:4, 1 Samuel 22:5, 1 Samuel 22:6, 1 Samuel 22:7, 1 Samuel 22:8, 1 Samuel 22:9, 1 Samuel 22:10, 1 Samuel 22:11, 1 Samuel 22:12, 1 Samuel 22:13, 1 Samuel 22:14, 1 Samuel 22:15, 1 Samuel 22:16, 1 Samuel 22:17, 1 Samuel 22:18, 1 Samuel 22:19, 1 Samuel 22:20, 1 Samuel 22:21, 1 Samuel 22:22, 1 Samuel 22:23
1 Samuel 22 (KJV)
1David therefore departed thence, and escaped to the cave Adullam: and when his brethren and all his father’s house heard it, they went down thither to him.
2And every one that was in distress, and every one that was in debt, and every one that was discontented, gathered themselves unto him; and he became a captain over them: and there were with him about four hundred men.
3And David went thence to Mizpeh of Moab: and he said unto the king of Moab, Let my father and my mother, I pray thee, come forth, and be with you, till I know what God will do for me.
4And he brought them before the king of Moab: and they dwelt with him all the while that David was in the hold.
5And the prophet Gad said unto David, Abide not in the hold; depart, and get thee into the land of Judah. Then David departed, and came into the forest of Hareth.
6When Saul heard that David was discovered, and the men that were with him, (now Saul abode in Gibeah under a tree in Ramah, having his spear in his hand, and all his servants were standing about him;)
7Then Saul said unto his servants that stood about him, Hear now, ye Benjamites; will the son of Jesse give every one of you fields and vineyards, and make you all captains of thousands, and captains of hundreds;
8That all of you have conspired against me, and there is none that sheweth me that my son hath made a league with the son of Jesse, and there is none of you that is sorry for me, or sheweth unto me that my son hath stirred up my servant against me, to lie in wait, as at this day?
9Then answered Doeg the Edomite, which was set over the servants of Saul, and said, I saw the son of Jesse coming to Nob, to Ahimelech the son of Ahitub.
10And he enquired of the Lord for him, and gave him victuals, and gave him the sword of Goliath the Philistine.
11Then the king sent to call Ahimelech the priest, the son of Ahitub, and all his father’s house, the priests that were in Nob: and they came all of them to the king.
12And Saul said, Hear now, thou son of Ahitub. And he answered, Here I am, my lord.
13And Saul said unto him, Why have ye conspired against me, thou and the son of Jesse, in that thou hast given him bread, and a sword, and hast enquired of God for him, that he should rise against me, to lie in wait, as at this day?
14Then Ahimelech answered the king, and said, And who is so faithful among all thy servants as David, which is the king’s son in law, and goeth at thy bidding, and is honourable in thine house?
15Did I then begin to enquire of God for him? be it far from me: let not the king impute any thing unto his servant, nor to all the house of my father: for thy servant knew nothing of all this, less or more.
16And the king said, Thou shalt surely die, Ahimelech, thou, and all thy father’s house.
17And the king said unto the footmen that stood about him, Turn, and slay the priests of the Lord; because their hand also is with David, and because they knew when he fled, and did not shew it to me. But the servants of the king would not put forth their hand to fall upon the priests of the Lord.
18And the king said to Doeg, Turn thou, and fall upon the priests. And Doeg the Edomite turned, and he fell upon the priests, and slew on that day fourscore and five persons that did wear a linen ephod.
19And Nob, the city of the priests, smote he with the edge of the sword, both men and women, children and sucklings, and oxen, and asses, and sheep, with the edge of the sword.
20And one of the sons of Ahimelech the son of Ahitub, named Abiathar, escaped, and fled after David.
21And Abiathar shewed David that Saul had slain the Lord’s priests.
22And David said unto Abiathar, I knew it that day, when Doeg the Edomite was there, that he would surely tell Saul: I have occasioned the death of all the persons of thy father’s house.
23Abide thou with me, fear not: for he that seeketh my life seeketh thy life: but with me thou shalt be in safeguard.
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Historical context
David's group first gathers at Adullam before the account follows his movement toward Moab and Judah. At Saul's court, the charge concerns bread, a sword and inquiry of God for David. Ahimelech appeals to David's recognized standing as Saul's servant and son-in-law. The account reports eighty-five wearers of the linen ephod killed and extends the slaughter at Nob to women, children, infants and animals.
Cited passages: 1 Samuel 22:1, 1 Samuel 22:2, 1 Samuel 22:3, 1 Samuel 22:4, 1 Samuel 22:5, 1 Samuel 22:9, 1 Samuel 22:10, 1 Samuel 22:11, 1 Samuel 22:12, 1 Samuel 22:13, 1 Samuel 22:14, 1 Samuel 22:15, 1 Samuel 22:16, 1 Samuel 22:17, 1 Samuel 22:18, 1 Samuel 22:19
Literary context
Saul interprets aid to David as a conspiracy, while Ahimelech describes helping a trusted royal servant without knowing what Saul alleges. The guards' refusal makes Doeg's compliance stand out. At the end David accepts responsibility for the deaths occasioned by his visit and offers the surviving Abiathar a place beside him under their shared threat.
Cited passages: 1 Samuel 22:7, 1 Samuel 22:8, 1 Samuel 22:9, 1 Samuel 22:10, 1 Samuel 22:11, 1 Samuel 22:12, 1 Samuel 22:13, 1 Samuel 22:14, 1 Samuel 22:15, 1 Samuel 22:16, 1 Samuel 22:17, 1 Samuel 22:18, 1 Samuel 22:19, 1 Samuel 22:20, 1 Samuel 22:21, 1 Samuel 22:22, 1 Samuel 22:23
Key moments
- A company gathers (1 Samuel 22:2). About four hundred men in distress, debt or discontent make David their leader.
- Ahimelech answers the accusation (1 Samuel 22:15). He says he knew nothing of the matter Saul alleges.
- The guards refuse (1 Samuel 22:17). Saul's servants will not strike the Lord's priests.
- Doeg carries out the order (1 Samuel 22:18). Doeg kills eighty-five men wearing linen ephods.
- David acknowledges responsibility (1 Samuel 22:22). David tells Abiathar that he occasioned the deaths of his father's household.
For reflection
What does the contrast between the guards' refusal and Doeg's obedience ask you to consider about responsibility under authority?
People in this chapter
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