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The Histories · Old Testament

1 Samuel 21

David seeks bread and refuge

General context

At Nob, David tells Ahimelech that he is on a secret royal mission and asks for bread. The priest gives him the consecrated bread after discussing ritual conditions, and David also receives Goliath's sword. Doeg, one of Saul's servants, is present. David then flees to Achish at Gath, where his reputation alarms him. He feigns madness, and Achish objects to his servants bringing such a man before him.

Cited passages: 1 Samuel 21:1, 1 Samuel 21:2, 1 Samuel 21:3, 1 Samuel 21:4, 1 Samuel 21:5, 1 Samuel 21:6, 1 Samuel 21:7, 1 Samuel 21:8, 1 Samuel 21:9, 1 Samuel 21:10, 1 Samuel 21:11, 1 Samuel 21:12, 1 Samuel 21:13, 1 Samuel 21:14, 1 Samuel 21:15

1 Samuel 21 (KJV)

1Then came David to Nob to Ahimelech the priest: and Ahimelech was afraid at the meeting of David, and said unto him, Why art thou alone, and no man with thee?

2And David said unto Ahimelech the priest, The king hath commanded me a business, and hath said unto me, Let no man know any thing of the business whereabout I send thee, and what I have commanded thee: and I have appointed my servants to such and such a place.

3Now therefore what is under thine hand? give me five loaves of bread in mine hand, or what there is present.

4And the priest answered David, and said, There is no common bread under mine hand, but there is hallowed bread; if the young men have kept themselves at least from women.

5And David answered the priest, and said unto him, Of a truth women have been kept from us about these three days, since I came out, and the vessels of the young men are holy, and the bread is in a manner common, yea, though it were sanctified this day in the vessel.

6So the priest gave him hallowed bread: for there was no bread there but the shewbread, that was taken from before the Lord, to put hot bread in the day when it was taken away.

7Now a certain man of the servants of Saul was there that day, detained before the Lord; and his name was Doeg, an Edomite, the chiefest of the herdmen that belonged to Saul.

8And David said unto Ahimelech, And is there not here under thine hand spear or sword? for I have neither brought my sword nor my weapons with me, because the king’s business required haste.

9And the priest said, The sword of Goliath the Philistine, whom thou slewest in the valley of Elah, behold, it is here wrapped in a cloth behind the ephod: if thou wilt take that, take it: for there is no other save that here. And David said, There is none like that; give it me.

10And David arose, and fled that day for fear of Saul, and went to Achish the king of Gath.

11And the servants of Achish said unto him, Is not this David the king of the land? did they not sing one to another of him in dances, saying, Saul hath slain his thousands, and David his ten thousands?

12And David laid up these words in his heart, and was sore afraid of Achish the king of Gath.

13And he changed his behaviour before them, and feigned himself mad in their hands, and scrabbled on the doors of the gate, and let his spittle fall down upon his beard.

14Then said Achish unto his servants, Lo, ye see the man is mad: wherefore then have ye brought him to me?

15Have I need of mad men, that ye have brought this fellow to play the mad man in my presence? shall this fellow come into my house?

This page shows the King James Version. In the app, reading opens in the Berean Standard Bible unless you have chosen another translation. The reader includes five translations: the Berean Standard Bible (BSB), the King James Version (KJV), the World English Bible (WEB), the Bible in Basic English (BBE), and the American Standard Version (ASV). Search covers three of them: Berean Standard, King James, and World English. Basic English and American Standard readers search the King James words.

Historical context

The bread is the bread of the Presence that has been replaced with fresh bread; no ordinary bread is available. Goliath's sword is kept wrapped behind the ephod. David's claim about the king's urgent business belongs to his explanation to Ahimelech, while the narrator says he is fleeing Saul. At Gath the servants identify him through the song celebrating his victories, calling him king of the land.

Cited passages: 1 Samuel 21:2, 1 Samuel 21:3, 1 Samuel 21:4, 1 Samuel 21:5, 1 Samuel 21:6, 1 Samuel 21:7, 1 Samuel 21:8, 1 Samuel 21:9, 1 Samuel 21:10, 1 Samuel 21:11

Literary context

The celebrated fighter now lacks food and a weapon and must ask a priest for help. The sword recalls his victory, but recognition of his reputation becomes a danger in Gath. His behavior there is explicitly a pretense: the narrator distinguishes what David performs from what Achish concludes.

Cited passages: 1 Samuel 21:3, 1 Samuel 21:4, 1 Samuel 21:5, 1 Samuel 21:6, 1 Samuel 21:7, 1 Samuel 21:8, 1 Samuel 21:9, 1 Samuel 21:10, 1 Samuel 21:11, 1 Samuel 21:12, 1 Samuel 21:13, 1 Samuel 21:14, 1 Samuel 21:15

Key moments

  1. A royal mission claimed (1 Samuel 21:2). David tells Ahimelech that the king has sent him on secret business.
  2. Consecrated bread given (1 Samuel 21:6). Ahimelech gives David the bread that has been removed from before the Lord.
  3. Goliath's sword offered (1 Samuel 21:9). David accepts the sword kept behind the ephod.
  4. Recognition brings fear (1 Samuel 21:12). David is afraid when he hears what Achish's servants say about him.
  5. A performance before Achish (1 Samuel 21:13). David changes his behavior and feigns madness.

For reflection

What contrasts do you see between David's public reputation and his vulnerability in these encounters?

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