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The Torah · Old Testament

Numbers 20

Water at Meribah and the deaths of Miriam and Aaron

General context

Miriam dies and is buried at Kadesh. With no water, the congregation quarrels with Moses and Aaron. The Lord directs them to speak to the rock; Moses calls the people rebels and strikes it twice. Water comes abundantly, but the Lord tells Moses and Aaron that their failure to believe and sanctify him before the people will prevent them from bringing the congregation into the land. Edom then refuses Israel passage, even after an offer to pay for water, and Israel turns away. At Mount Hor, Aaron's garments pass to Eleazar; Aaron dies, and Israel mourns him for thirty days.

Cited passages: Numbers 20:1, Numbers 20:2, Numbers 20:3, Numbers 20:4, Numbers 20:5, Numbers 20:6, Numbers 20:7, Numbers 20:8, Numbers 20:9, Numbers 20:10, Numbers 20:11, Numbers 20:12, Numbers 20:13, Numbers 20:14, Numbers 20:15, Numbers 20:16, Numbers 20:17, Numbers 20:18, Numbers 20:19, Numbers 20:20, Numbers 20:21, Numbers 20:22, Numbers 20:23, Numbers 20:24, Numbers 20:25, Numbers 20:26, Numbers 20:27, Numbers 20:28, Numbers 20:29

Numbers 20 (KJV)

1Then came the children of Israel, even the whole congregation, into the desert of Zin in the first month: and the people abode in Kadesh; and Miriam died there, and was buried there.

2And there was no water for the congregation: and they gathered themselves together against Moses and against Aaron.

3And the people chode with Moses, and spake, saying, Would God that we had died when our brethren died before the Lord!

4And why have ye brought up the congregation of the Lord into this wilderness, that we and our cattle should die there?

5And wherefore have ye made us to come up out of Egypt, to bring us in unto this evil place? it is no place of seed, or of figs, or of vines, or of pomegranates; neither is there any water to drink.

6And Moses and Aaron went from the presence of the assembly unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, and they fell upon their faces: and the glory of the Lord appeared unto them.

7And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying,

8Take the rod, and gather thou the assembly together, thou, and Aaron thy brother, and speak ye unto the rock before their eyes; and it shall give forth his water, and thou shalt bring forth to them water out of the rock: so thou shalt give the congregation and their beasts drink.

9And Moses took the rod from before the Lord, as he commanded him.

10And Moses and Aaron gathered the congregation together before the rock, and he said unto them, Hear now, ye rebels; must we fetch you water out of this rock?

11And Moses lifted up his hand, and with his rod he smote the rock twice: and the water came out abundantly, and the congregation drank, and their beasts also.

12And the Lord spake unto Moses and Aaron, Because ye believed me not, to sanctify me in the eyes of the children of Israel, therefore ye shall not bring this congregation into the land which I have given them.

13This is the water of Meribah; because the children of Israel strove with the Lord, and he was sanctified in them.

14And Moses sent messengers from Kadesh unto the king of Edom, Thus saith thy brother Israel, Thou knowest all the travail that hath befallen us:

15How our fathers went down into Egypt, and we have dwelt in Egypt a long time; and the Egyptians vexed us, and our fathers:

16And when we cried unto the Lord, he heard our voice, and sent an angel, and hath brought us forth out of Egypt: and, behold, we are in Kadesh, a city in the uttermost of thy border:

17Let us pass, I pray thee, through thy country: we will not pass through the fields, or through the vineyards, neither will we drink of the water of the wells: we will go by the king’s high way, we will not turn to the right hand nor to the left, until we have passed thy borders.

18And Edom said unto him, Thou shalt not pass by me, lest I come out against thee with the sword.

19And the children of Israel said unto him, We will go by the high way: and if I and my cattle drink of thy water, then I will pay for it: I will only, without doing any thing else, go through on my feet.

20And he said, Thou shalt not go through. And Edom came out against him with much people, and with a strong hand.

21Thus Edom refused to give Israel passage through his border: wherefore Israel turned away from him.

22And the children of Israel, even the whole congregation, journeyed from Kadesh, and came unto mount Hor.

23And the Lord spake unto Moses and Aaron in mount Hor, by the coast of the land of Edom, saying,

24Aaron shall be gathered unto his people: for he shall not enter into the land which I have given unto the children of Israel, because ye rebelled against my word at the water of Meribah.

25Take Aaron and Eleazar his son, and bring them up unto mount Hor:

26And strip Aaron of his garments, and put them upon Eleazar his son: and Aaron shall be gathered unto his people, and shall die there.

27And Moses did as the Lord commanded: and they went up into mount Hor in the sight of all the congregation.

28And Moses stripped Aaron of his garments, and put them upon Eleazar his son; and Aaron died there in the top of the mount: and Moses and Eleazar came down from the mount.

29And when all the congregation saw that Aaron was dead, they mourned for Aaron thirty days, even all the house of Israel.

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Historical context

The opening gives Kadesh in the wilderness of Zin and the first month, without naming the year in this chapter. Israel's request to Edom promises use of the king's highway without entering fields or vineyards. Edom answers with a threat and then armed opposition. Mount Hor is placed at Edom's border. The transfer of Aaron's garments occurs before his death, with Moses and Eleazar returning from the mountain afterward. No cause is given here for Miriam's death.

Cited passages: Numbers 20:1, Numbers 20:14, Numbers 20:15, Numbers 20:16, Numbers 20:17, Numbers 20:18, Numbers 20:19, Numbers 20:20, Numbers 20:21, Numbers 20:22, Numbers 20:23, Numbers 20:24, Numbers 20:25, Numbers 20:26, Numbers 20:27, Numbers 20:28, Numbers 20:29

Literary context

Miriam's brief death notice and the fuller account of Aaron's death frame the water dispute and blocked journey. The rock gives water even as the leaders receive a sentence, so provision for the congregation does not amount to approval of every action taken. The account distinguishes the instruction to speak, Moses' two blows, and the Lord's stated assessment of both leaders. It does not reduce that assessment to one unstated motive. Aaron's clothing passes to his son as Aaron's own journey ends.

Cited passages: Numbers 20:1, Numbers 20:8, Numbers 20:9, Numbers 20:10, Numbers 20:11, Numbers 20:12, Numbers 20:13, Numbers 20:24, Numbers 20:25, Numbers 20:26, Numbers 20:27, Numbers 20:28, Numbers 20:29

Key moments

  1. Miriam at Kadesh (Numbers 20:1). Miriam's death and burial open the chapter.
  2. Water and a sentence (Numbers 20:12). The Lord addresses Moses and Aaron after water has been provided.
  3. Aaron's garments pass to Eleazar (Numbers 20:28). Moses transfers the garments; Aaron dies on the mountain.

For reflection

How does this account complicate the assumption that a useful result proves every action taken to obtain it was right? What makes the transfer of Aaron's garments significant at this point?

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