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The Torah · Old Testament

Numbers 18

Sanctuary responsibilities and support for its servants

General context

The Lord assigns Aaron's family responsibility for the sanctuary and priesthood, with Levites given to assist in the tent's service. Priestly access to the altar and within the veil remains restricted. The chapter then defines the offerings supporting Aaron's household, including firstfruits and specified portions of sacrifices. Human firstborn and unclean firstborn animals must be redeemed; firstborn cattle, sheep and goats are handled as offerings instead. The Levites receive Israel's tithes for their service and must give a tenth of those tithes, selecting the best, to Aaron the priest.

Cited passages: Numbers 18:1, Numbers 18:2, Numbers 18:3, Numbers 18:4, Numbers 18:5, Numbers 18:6, Numbers 18:7, Numbers 18:8, Numbers 18:9, Numbers 18:10, Numbers 18:11, Numbers 18:12, Numbers 18:13, Numbers 18:14, Numbers 18:15, Numbers 18:16, Numbers 18:17, Numbers 18:18, Numbers 18:19, Numbers 18:20, Numbers 18:21, Numbers 18:22, Numbers 18:23, Numbers 18:24, Numbers 18:25, Numbers 18:26, Numbers 18:27, Numbers 18:28, Numbers 18:29, Numbers 18:30, Numbers 18:31, Numbers 18:32

Numbers 18 (KJV)

1And the Lord said unto Aaron, Thou and thy sons and thy father’s house with thee shall bear the iniquity of the sanctuary: and thou and thy sons with thee shall bear the iniquity of your priesthood.

2And thy brethren also of the tribe of Levi, the tribe of thy father, bring thou with thee, that they may be joined unto thee, and minister unto thee: but thou and thy sons with thee shall minister before the tabernacle of witness.

3And they shall keep thy charge, and the charge of all the tabernacle: only they shall not come nigh the vessels of the sanctuary and the altar, that neither they, nor ye also, die.

4And they shall be joined unto thee, and keep the charge of the tabernacle of the congregation, for all the service of the tabernacle: and a stranger shall not come nigh unto you.

5And ye shall keep the charge of the sanctuary, and the charge of the altar: that there be no wrath any more upon the children of Israel.

6And I, behold, I have taken your brethren the Levites from among the children of Israel: to you they are given as a gift for the Lord, to do the service of the tabernacle of the congregation.

7Therefore thou and thy sons with thee shall keep your priest’s office for every thing of the altar, and within the vail; and ye shall serve: I have given your priest’s office unto you as a service of gift: and the stranger that cometh nigh shall be put to death.

8And the Lord spake unto Aaron, Behold, I also have given thee the charge of mine heave offerings of all the hallowed things of the children of Israel; unto thee have I given them by reason of the anointing, and to thy sons, by an ordinance for ever.

9This shall be thine of the most holy things, reserved from the fire: every oblation of theirs, every meat offering of theirs, and every sin offering of theirs, and every trespass offering of theirs, which they shall render unto me, shall be most holy for thee and for thy sons.

10In the most holy place shalt thou eat it; every male shall eat it: it shall be holy unto thee.

11And this is thine; the heave offering of their gift, with all the wave offerings of the children of Israel: I have given them unto thee, and to thy sons and to thy daughters with thee, by a statute for ever: every one that is clean in thy house shall eat of it.

12All the best of the oil, and all the best of the wine, and of the wheat, the firstfruits of them which they shall offer unto the Lord, them have I given thee.

13And whatsoever is first ripe in the land, which they shall bring unto the Lord, shall be thine; every one that is clean in thine house shall eat of it.

14Every thing devoted in Israel shall be thine.

15Every thing that openeth the matrix in all flesh, which they bring unto the Lord, whether it be of men or beasts, shall be thine: nevertheless the firstborn of man shalt thou surely redeem, and the firstling of unclean beasts shalt thou redeem.

16And those that are to be redeemed from a month old shalt thou redeem, according to thine estimation, for the money of five shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary, which is twenty gerahs.

17But the firstling of a cow, or the firstling of a sheep, or the firstling of a goat, thou shalt not redeem; they are holy: thou shalt sprinkle their blood upon the altar, and shalt burn their fat for an offering made by fire, for a sweet savour unto the Lord.

18And the flesh of them shall be thine, as the wave breast and as the right shoulder are thine.

19All the heave offerings of the holy things, which the children of Israel offer unto the Lord, have I given thee, and thy sons and thy daughters with thee, by a statute for ever: it is a covenant of salt for ever before the Lord unto thee and to thy seed with thee.

20And the Lord spake unto Aaron, Thou shalt have no inheritance in their land, neither shalt thou have any part among them: I am thy part and thine inheritance among the children of Israel.

21And, behold, I have given the children of Levi all the tenth in Israel for an inheritance, for their service which they serve, even the service of the tabernacle of the congregation.

22Neither must the children of Israel henceforth come nigh the tabernacle of the congregation, lest they bear sin, and die.

23But the Levites shall do the service of the tabernacle of the congregation, and they shall bear their iniquity: it shall be a statute for ever throughout your generations, that among the children of Israel they have no inheritance.

24But the tithes of the children of Israel, which they offer as an heave offering unto the Lord, I have given to the Levites to inherit: therefore I have said unto them, Among the children of Israel they shall have no inheritance.

25And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying,

26Thus speak unto the Levites, and say unto them, When ye take of the children of Israel the tithes which I have given you from them for your inheritance, then ye shall offer up an heave offering of it for the Lord, even a tenth part of the tithe.

27And this your heave offering shall be reckoned unto you, as though it were the corn of the threshingfloor, and as the fulness of the winepress.

28Thus ye also shall offer an heave offering unto the Lord of all your tithes, which ye receive of the children of Israel; and ye shall give thereof the Lord’s heave offering to Aaron the priest.

29Out of all your gifts ye shall offer every heave offering of the Lord, of all the best thereof, even the hallowed part thereof out of it.

30Therefore thou shalt say unto them, When ye have heaved the best thereof from it, then it shall be counted unto the Levites as the increase of the threshingfloor, and as the increase of the winepress.

31And ye shall eat it in every place, ye and your households: for it is your reward for your service in the tabernacle of the congregation.

32And ye shall bear no sin by reason of it, when ye have heaved from it the best of it: neither shall ye pollute the holy things of the children of Israel, lest ye die.

This page shows the King James Version. In the app, reading opens in the Berean Standard Bible unless you have chosen another translation. The reader includes five translations: the Berean Standard Bible (BSB), the King James Version (KJV), the World English Bible (WEB), the Bible in Basic English (BBE), and the American Standard Version (ASV). Search covers three of them: Berean Standard, King James, and World English. Basic English and American Standard readers search the King James words.

Historical context

The food rules distinguish offerings reserved for males from other gifts available to clean sons, daughters and household members. At 18:10 the KJV says 'In the most holy place,' while the ASV and BBE refer to eating the offerings as most holy things; this wording does not establish a meal inside the inner sanctuary. Redemption is set at five sanctuary shekels from a month old. Aaron and the Levites are given sacred portions and service income in connection with having no ordinary inheritance share in the land. The allocation to Aaron's family is called a covenant of salt, without an explanation of that phrase here.

Cited passages: Numbers 18:8, Numbers 18:9, Numbers 18:10, Numbers 18:11, Numbers 18:12, Numbers 18:13, Numbers 18:14, Numbers 18:15, Numbers 18:16, Numbers 18:17, Numbers 18:18, Numbers 18:19, Numbers 18:20, Numbers 18:21, Numbers 18:22, Numbers 18:23, Numbers 18:24, Numbers 18:25, Numbers 18:26, Numbers 18:30, Numbers 18:31

Literary context

The chapter follows the congregation's fear of approaching the tabernacle by specifying who bears responsibility and who may come near. Duties and provision are linked: the servants of the sanctuary receive support, and those receiving tithes must themselves contribute from the best. Repeated warnings about death and profaning holy things keep the material provisions within the chapter's concern for sacred service. The instructions end with permission to eat the remaining tithe as the reward for that work, provided its holy contribution has been given.

Cited passages: Numbers 17:12, Numbers 17:13, Numbers 18:1, Numbers 18:2, Numbers 18:3, Numbers 18:4, Numbers 18:5, Numbers 18:6, Numbers 18:7, Numbers 18:21, Numbers 18:22, Numbers 18:23, Numbers 18:24, Numbers 18:25, Numbers 18:26, Numbers 18:27, Numbers 18:28, Numbers 18:29, Numbers 18:30, Numbers 18:31, Numbers 18:32

Key moments

  1. Levitical assistance (Numbers 18:6). The Levites are given to help with the service of the tent.
  2. Firstborn redemption (Numbers 18:15). The instruction explicitly requires redemption of human firstborn and unclean firstborn animals.
  3. A tenth of the tithe (Numbers 18:26). The Levites are told to contribute a tenth from the tithes they receive.

For reflection

How does this chapter connect responsibility with material support? What is required of people who receive others' contributions before they use what remains?

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