The Torah · Old Testament
Genesis 17
New names and the covenant sign
General context
The Lord appears to Abram at ninety-nine and calls him to walk before him and be perfect. The everlasting covenant promise includes many nations, kings and the land of Canaan, and Abram is renamed Abraham. Circumcision is appointed as the covenant sign for the males of his household and future generations. Sarai is renamed Sarah and is promised a son. Abraham laughs at the prospect of a child in their old age and asks that Ishmael might live before God. God blesses Ishmael with fruitfulness and twelve princes, while specifying that the covenant will be established with Isaac, Sarah's coming son. Abraham circumcises his household that same day.
Cited passages: Genesis 17:1, Genesis 17:2, Genesis 17:4, Genesis 17:5, Genesis 17:6, Genesis 17:7, Genesis 17:8, Genesis 17:9, Genesis 17:10, Genesis 17:11, Genesis 17:12, Genesis 17:13, Genesis 17:15, Genesis 17:16, Genesis 17:17, Genesis 17:18, Genesis 17:19, Genesis 17:20, Genesis 17:21, Genesis 17:23, Genesis 17:24, Genesis 17:25, Genesis 17:26, Genesis 17:27
Genesis 17 (KJV)
1And when Abram was ninety years old and nine, the Lord appeared to Abram, and said unto him, I am the Almighty God; walk before me, and be thou perfect.
2And I will make my covenant between me and thee, and will multiply thee exceedingly.
3And Abram fell on his face: and God talked with him, saying,
4As for me, behold, my covenant is with thee, and thou shalt be a father of many nations.
5Neither shall thy name any more be called Abram, but thy name shall be Abraham; for a father of many nations have I made thee.
6And I will make thee exceeding fruitful, and I will make nations of thee, and kings shall come out of thee.
7And I will establish my covenant between me and thee and thy seed after thee in their generations for an everlasting covenant, to be a God unto thee, and to thy seed after thee.
8And I will give unto thee, and to thy seed after thee, the land wherein thou art a stranger, all the land of Canaan, for an everlasting possession; and I will be their God.
9And God said unto Abraham, Thou shalt keep my covenant therefore, thou, and thy seed after thee in their generations.
10This is my covenant, which ye shall keep, between me and you and thy seed after thee; Every man child among you shall be circumcised.
11And ye shall circumcise the flesh of your foreskin; and it shall be a token of the covenant betwixt me and you.
12And he that is eight days old shall be circumcised among you, every man child in your generations, he that is born in the house, or bought with money of any stranger, which is not of thy seed.
13He that is born in thy house, and he that is bought with thy money, must needs be circumcised: and my covenant shall be in your flesh for an everlasting covenant.
14And the uncircumcised man child whose flesh of his foreskin is not circumcised, that soul shall be cut off from his people; he hath broken my covenant.
15And God said unto Abraham, As for Sarai thy wife, thou shalt not call her name Sarai, but Sarah shall her name be.
16And I will bless her, and give thee a son also of her: yea, I will bless her, and she shall be a mother of nations; kings of people shall be of her.
17Then Abraham fell upon his face, and laughed, and said in his heart, Shall a child be born unto him that is an hundred years old? and shall Sarah, that is ninety years old, bear?
18And Abraham said unto God, O that Ishmael might live before thee!
19And God said, Sarah thy wife shall bear thee a son indeed; and thou shalt call his name Isaac: and I will establish my covenant with him for an everlasting covenant, and with his seed after him.
20And as for Ishmael, I have heard thee: Behold, I have blessed him, and will make him fruitful, and will multiply him exceedingly; twelve princes shall he beget, and I will make him a great nation.
21But my covenant will I establish with Isaac, which Sarah shall bear unto thee at this set time in the next year.
22And he left off talking with him, and God went up from Abraham.
23And Abraham took Ishmael his son, and all that were born in his house, and all that were bought with his money, every male among the men of Abraham’s house; and circumcised the flesh of their foreskin in the selfsame day, as God had said unto him.
24And Abraham was ninety years old and nine, when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin.
25And Ishmael his son was thirteen years old, when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin.
26In the selfsame day was Abraham circumcised, and Ishmael his son.
27And all the men of his house, born in the house, and bought with money of the stranger, were circumcised with him.
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Historical context
The chapter dates both the appearance and Abraham's circumcision to his ninety-ninth year; Ishmael is thirteen at the household ceremony. Abraham's question describes a hundred-year-old father and a ninety-year-old mother, while Isaac's birth is promised for the following year. The instructions specify eight days for male infants and include males born in the household or bought from foreigners. The uncircumcised male is described as having broken the covenant and being cut off from his people. These details state the scope and terms of the covenant within this account.
Cited passages: Genesis 17:1, Genesis 17:10, Genesis 17:11, Genesis 17:12, Genesis 17:13, Genesis 17:14, Genesis 17:17, Genesis 17:19, Genesis 17:21, Genesis 17:23, Genesis 17:24, Genesis 17:25, Genesis 17:26, Genesis 17:27
Literary context
Repeated covenant language connects the promises, the new names and the sign in the household. Abram's new name is explained through his promised role as father of many nations; Sarah's renaming is followed by a promise of nations and kings through her. Abraham's laughter and appeal for Ishmael lead to a response that distinguishes Ishmael's blessing from the covenant to be established with Isaac. The ending repeats that the household acts on the same day, carrying the speech into a narrated response.
Cited passages: Genesis 17:2, Genesis 17:4, Genesis 17:5, Genesis 17:6, Genesis 17:7, Genesis 17:9, Genesis 17:10, Genesis 17:11, Genesis 17:13, Genesis 17:15, Genesis 17:16, Genesis 17:17, Genesis 17:18, Genesis 17:19, Genesis 17:20, Genesis 17:21, Genesis 17:23, Genesis 17:26, Genesis 17:27
Key moments
- Abram becomes Abraham (Genesis 17:5). God gives Abram the name Abraham and links it with being father of many nations.
- Sarai becomes Sarah (Genesis 17:15). God tells Abraham that his wife is to be called Sarah.
- Isaac is named in the promise (Genesis 17:19). God names the promised son Isaac and says the covenant will continue with him and his descendants.
- The household responds that day (Genesis 17:23). Abraham circumcises Ishmael and every male of his household that same day, as instructed.
For reflection
What do the distinct words about Sarah, Isaac and Ishmael contribute to your understanding of the covenant promise?