The Prophets · Old Testament
Daniel 4
Daniel 4: Nebuchadnezzar's tree dream and his seven times among the beasts
General context
The chapter is framed as a letter from Nebuchadnezzar to all peoples, nations and languages, telling the signs and wonders the high God has done toward him. He recounts that at rest in his palace he saw a dream that frightened him; the magicians, astrologers, Chaldeans and soothsayers could not interpret it, and at last Daniel, called Belteshazzar, came in. The dream: a tree in the midst of the earth grows to heaven, feeds all flesh and shelters beasts and birds; a watcher and holy one comes down and orders it hewn down, leaving the stump banded with iron and brass, its heart changed to a beast's heart, until seven times pass, so that the living may know the most High rules in the kingdom of men. Daniel is astonished for an hour, then tells the king that the tree is himself; he will be driven from men to eat grass as oxen for seven times until he knows the most High rules, and the stump means his kingdom will be sure to him afterward. Daniel counsels him to break off his sins by righteousness and mercy to the poor. Twelve months later the king boasts of great Babylon built by his power; a voice from heaven says the kingdom is departed from him, and the same hour he is driven out, eats grass, and grows hair like eagles' feathers and nails like claws. At the end of the days he lifts his eyes to heaven, his understanding returns, he blesses the most High, is re-established in his kingdom, and closes by praising the King of heaven who is able to abase those who walk in pride.
Cited passages: Daniel 4:1, Daniel 4:2, Daniel 4:5, Daniel 4:7, Daniel 4:8, Daniel 4:11, Daniel 4:12, Daniel 4:13, Daniel 4:14, Daniel 4:15, Daniel 4:16, Daniel 4:17, Daniel 4:19, Daniel 4:22, Daniel 4:25, Daniel 4:26, Daniel 4:27, Daniel 4:29, Daniel 4:30, Daniel 4:31, Daniel 4:33, Daniel 4:34, Daniel 4:36, Daniel 4:37
Daniel 4 (KJV)
1Nebuchadnezzar the king, unto all people, nations, and languages, that dwell in all the earth; Peace be multiplied unto you.
2I thought it good to shew the signs and wonders that the high God hath wrought toward me.
3How great are his signs! and how mighty are his wonders! his kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and his dominion is from generation to generation.
4I Nebuchadnezzar was at rest in mine house, and flourishing in my palace:
5I saw a dream which made me afraid, and the thoughts upon my bed and the visions of my head troubled me.
6Therefore made I a decree to bring in all the wise men of Babylon before me, that they might make known unto me the interpretation of the dream.
7Then came in the magicians, the astrologers, the Chaldeans, and the soothsayers: and I told the dream before them; but they did not make known unto me the interpretation thereof.
8But at the last Daniel came in before me, whose name was Belteshazzar, according to the name of my god, and in whom is the spirit of the holy gods: and before him I told the dream, saying,
9O Belteshazzar, master of the magicians, because I know that the spirit of the holy gods is in thee, and no secret troubleth thee, tell me the visions of my dream that I have seen, and the interpretation thereof.
10Thus were the visions of mine head in my bed; I saw, and behold a tree in the midst of the earth, and the height thereof was great.
11The tree grew, and was strong, and the height thereof reached unto heaven, and the sight thereof to the end of all the earth:
12The leaves thereof were fair, and the fruit thereof much, and in it was meat for all: the beasts of the field had shadow under it, and the fowls of the heaven dwelt in the boughs thereof, and all flesh was fed of it.
13I saw in the visions of my head upon my bed, and, behold, a watcher and an holy one came down from heaven;
14He cried aloud, and said thus, Hew down the tree, and cut off his branches, shake off his leaves, and scatter his fruit: let the beasts get away from under it, and the fowls from his branches:
15Nevertheless leave the stump of his roots in the earth, even with a band of iron and brass, in the tender grass of the field; and let it be wet with the dew of heaven, and let his portion be with the beasts in the grass of the earth:
16Let his heart be changed from man’s, and let a beast’s heart be given unto him; and let seven times pass over him.
17This matter is by the decree of the watchers, and the demand by the word of the holy ones: to the intent that the living may know that the most High ruleth in the kingdom of men, and giveth it to whomsoever he will, and setteth up over it the basest of men.
18This dream I king Nebuchadnezzar have seen. Now thou, O Belteshazzar, declare the interpretation thereof, forasmuch as all the wise men of my kingdom are not able to make known unto me the interpretation: but thou art able; for the spirit of the holy gods is in thee.
19Then Daniel, whose name was Belteshazzar, was astonied for one hour, and his thoughts troubled him. The king spake, and said, Belteshazzar, let not the dream, or the interpretation thereof, trouble thee. Belteshazzar answered and said, My lord, the dream be to them that hate thee, and the interpretation thereof to thine enemies.
20The tree that thou sawest, which grew, and was strong, whose height reached unto the heaven, and the sight thereof to all the earth;
21Whose leaves were fair, and the fruit thereof much, and in it was meat for all; under which the beasts of the field dwelt, and upon whose branches the fowls of the heaven had their habitation:
22It is thou, O king, that art grown and become strong: for thy greatness is grown, and reacheth unto heaven, and thy dominion to the end of the earth.
23And whereas the king saw a watcher and an holy one coming down from heaven, and saying, Hew the tree down, and destroy it; yet leave the stump of the roots thereof in the earth, even with a band of iron and brass, in the tender grass of the field; and let it be wet with the dew of heaven, and let his portion be with the beasts of the field, till seven times pass over him;
24This is the interpretation, O king, and this is the decree of the most High, which is come upon my lord the king:
25That they shall drive thee from men, and thy dwelling shall be with the beasts of the field, and they shall make thee to eat grass as oxen, and they shall wet thee with the dew of heaven, and seven times shall pass over thee, till thou know that the most High ruleth in the kingdom of men, and giveth it to whomsoever he will.
26And whereas they commanded to leave the stump of the tree roots; thy kingdom shall be sure unto thee, after that thou shalt have known that the heavens do rule.
27Wherefore, O king, let my counsel be acceptable unto thee, and break off thy sins by righteousness, and thine iniquities by shewing mercy to the poor; if it may be a lengthening of thy tranquillity.
28All this came upon the king Nebuchadnezzar.
29At the end of twelve months he walked in the palace of the kingdom of Babylon.
30The king spake, and said, Is not this great Babylon, that I have built for the house of the kingdom by the might of my power, and for the honour of my majesty?
31While the word was in the king’s mouth, there fell a voice from heaven, saying, O king Nebuchadnezzar, to thee it is spoken; The kingdom is departed from thee.
32And they shall drive thee from men, and thy dwelling shall be with the beasts of the field: they shall make thee to eat grass as oxen, and seven times shall pass over thee, until thou know that the most High ruleth in the kingdom of men, and giveth it to whomsoever he will.
33The same hour was the thing fulfilled upon Nebuchadnezzar: and he was driven from men, and did eat grass as oxen, and his body was wet with the dew of heaven, till his hairs were grown like eagles’ feathers, and his nails like birds’ claws.
34And at the end of the days I Nebuchadnezzar lifted up mine eyes unto heaven, and mine understanding returned unto me, and I blessed the most High, and I praised and honoured him that liveth for ever, whose dominion is an everlasting dominion, and his kingdom is from generation to generation:
35And all the inhabitants of the earth are reputed as nothing: and he doeth according to his will in the army of heaven, and among the inhabitants of the earth: and none can stay his hand, or say unto him, What doest thou?
36At the same time my reason returned unto me; and for the glory of my kingdom, mine honour and brightness returned unto me; and my counsellors and my lords sought unto me; and I was established in my kingdom, and excellent majesty was added unto me.
37Now I Nebuchadnezzar praise and extol and honour the King of heaven, all whose works are truth, and his ways judgment: and those that walk in pride he is able to abase.
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Historical context
Most of the chapter is in Nebuchadnezzar's own first-person voice, addressed to all peoples; verses 28 to 33 shift to a third-person narrator's report of the boast, the voice from heaven and the driving out, then the first person resumes at verse 34. The king calls Daniel Belteshazzar and says the name follows the name of his god, and he describes Daniel as one in whom is the spirit of the holy gods; that is the king's description, not the narrator's. Daniel himself calls the sentence the decree of the most High, while the dream calls it the decree of the watchers. The length of the affliction is given only as seven times, and the text does not define the unit. No date is given beyond the twelve months between the interpretation and the boast, and the text does not say who governed during the king's absence, only that his counsellors and lords sought unto him when he was restored. The chapter does not report Daniel's response to the king's restoration. Belshazzar later recalls this episode in Daniel's words in chapter 5.
Cited passages: Daniel 4:4, Daniel 4:28, Daniel 4:34, Daniel 4:8, Daniel 4:24, Daniel 4:17, Daniel 4:25, Daniel 4:29, Daniel 4:36
Literary context
The letter's doxology at the start and its praise at the close enclose the story, so the reader knows the ending before the dream is told. The dream is reported at length and then the interpretation repeats its images phrase by phrase, tree, watcher, stump, dew, beasts, seven times, before naming the king. The stated purpose, that the living may know the most High rules in the kingdom of men, is spoken three times: by the watcher, by Daniel, and by the voice from heaven. The boast about great Babylon is cut off mid-sentence, while the word was in the king's mouth, and fulfilment comes the same hour, the pace of judgment set against the twelve months of delay. Daniel's counsel to break off sins names a possible lengthening of tranquillity, and the narrative shows no change before the boast. The return of understanding is tied to lifting eyes to heaven, reversing the downward movement of a tree hewn to a stump. Verse 9 calls Daniel master of the magicians, the office from chapter 2, and the beasts and birds fed by the tree recall the dominion Daniel described in the head of gold.
Cited passages: Daniel 4:3, Daniel 4:37, Daniel 4:23, Daniel 4:17, Daniel 4:32, Daniel 4:31, Daniel 4:33, Daniel 4:27, Daniel 4:34, Daniel 4:9, Daniel 2:38, Daniel 4:30
Key moments
- A king's open letter (Daniel 4:1). Nebuchadnezzar addresses all peoples to tell what the high God has done to him.
- The tree reaching heaven (Daniel 4:11). The king sees a tree grown to heaven that feeds and shelters all flesh.
- Hew down the tree (Daniel 4:14). A watcher orders the tree cut down but its stump left banded in the grass.
- Daniel astonished for an hour (Daniel 4:19). Daniel is troubled before telling the king the dream is about him.
- Is not this great Babylon (Daniel 4:30). Twelve months later the king boasts of his power and majesty.
- Driven from men (Daniel 4:33). The same hour the king eats grass and grows hair like feathers.
- Understanding returns (Daniel 4:34). The king lifts his eyes to heaven and blesses the most High.
For reflection
Daniel interprets the dream a full year before the boast, and the text records no change in that year. What does the gap between hearing a warning and acting on it look like in this chapter?