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The Histories · Old Testament

2 Samuel 10

A condolence mission becomes war

General context

David sends servants to console Hanun after Nahash's death, recalling kindness Nahash had shown him. Ammonite advisers call the visitors spies, and Hanun humiliates them before sending them away. Ammon hires Syrian forces, prompting David to send Joab. Joab and Abishai arrange mutual support against two enemy fronts and drive them back. A renewed Syrian mobilization ends in defeat by David, after which the subject kings make peace and cease helping Ammon.

Cited passages: 2 Samuel 10:1, 2 Samuel 10:2, 2 Samuel 10:3, 2 Samuel 10:4, 2 Samuel 10:5, 2 Samuel 10:6, 2 Samuel 10:7, 2 Samuel 10:8, 2 Samuel 10:9, 2 Samuel 10:10, 2 Samuel 10:11, 2 Samuel 10:12, 2 Samuel 10:13, 2 Samuel 10:14, 2 Samuel 10:15, 2 Samuel 10:16, 2 Samuel 10:17, 2 Samuel 10:18, 2 Samuel 10:19

2 Samuel 10 (KJV)

1And it came to pass after this, that the king of the children of Ammon died, and Hanun his son reigned in his stead.

2Then said David, I will shew kindness unto Hanun the son of Nahash, as his father shewed kindness unto me. And David sent to comfort him by the hand of his servants for his father. And David’s servants came into the land of the children of Ammon.

3And the princes of the children of Ammon said unto Hanun their lord, Thinkest thou that David doth honour thy father, that he hath sent comforters unto thee? hath not David rather sent his servants unto thee, to search the city, and to spy it out, and to overthrow it?

4Wherefore Hanun took David’s servants, and shaved off the one half of their beards, and cut off their garments in the middle, even to their buttocks, and sent them away.

5When they told it unto David, he sent to meet them, because the men were greatly ashamed: and the king said, Tarry at Jericho until your beards be grown, and then return.

6And when the children of Ammon saw that they stank before David, the children of Ammon sent and hired the Syrians of Beth-rehob, and the Syrians of Zoba, twenty thousand footmen, and of king Maacah a thousand men, and of Ish-tob twelve thousand men.

7And when David heard of it, he sent Joab, and all the host of the mighty men.

8And the children of Ammon came out, and put the battle in array at the entering in of the gate: and the Syrians of Zoba, and of Rehob, and Ish-tob, and Maacah, were by themselves in the field.

9When Joab saw that the front of the battle was against him before and behind, he chose of all the choice men of Israel, and put them in array against the Syrians:

10And the rest of the people he delivered into the hand of Abishai his brother, that he might put them in array against the children of Ammon.

11And he said, If the Syrians be too strong for me, then thou shalt help me: but if the children of Ammon be too strong for thee, then I will come and help thee.

12Be of good courage, and let us play the men for our people, and for the cities of our God: and the Lord do that which seemeth him good.

13And Joab drew nigh, and the people that were with him, unto the battle against the Syrians: and they fled before him.

14And when the children of Ammon saw that the Syrians were fled, then fled they also before Abishai, and entered into the city. So Joab returned from the children of Ammon, and came to Jerusalem.

15And when the Syrians saw that they were smitten before Israel, they gathered themselves together.

16And Hadarezer sent, and brought out the Syrians that were beyond the river: and they came to Helam; and Shobach the captain of the host of Hadarezer went before them.

17And when it was told David, he gathered all Israel together, and passed over Jordan, and came to Helam. And the Syrians set themselves in array against David, and fought with him.

18And the Syrians fled before Israel; and David slew the men of seven hundred chariots of the Syrians, and forty thousand horsemen, and smote Shobach the captain of their host, who died there.

19And when all the kings that were servants to Hadarezer saw that they were smitten before Israel, they made peace with Israel, and served them. So the Syrians feared to help the children of Ammon any more.

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Historical context

Hanun succeeds his father Nahash as king of Ammon. The chapter states David's reason for sending condolences but does not describe the earlier kindness in detail. The envoys' half-shaved beards and cut garments publicly shame them, and David tells them to remain at Jericho until their beards grow. The first battle involves hired regional forces; the later engagement brings David across the Jordan to Helam.

Cited passages: 2 Samuel 10:1, 2 Samuel 10:2, 2 Samuel 10:3, 2 Samuel 10:4, 2 Samuel 10:5, 2 Samuel 10:6, 2 Samuel 10:15, 2 Samuel 10:16, 2 Samuel 10:17, 2 Samuel 10:18, 2 Samuel 10:19

Literary context

A declared act of kindness is reinterpreted as hostile surveillance, and the advisers' suspicion leads to an actual war. Their accusation should not replace the narrator's account of David's purpose. Joab's arrangement with Abishai joins practical mutual aid to a statement that the Lord will do what seems good to him. The ending shows the broader coalition losing its willingness to support Ammon.

Cited passages: 2 Samuel 10:2, 2 Samuel 10:3, 2 Samuel 10:4, 2 Samuel 10:9, 2 Samuel 10:10, 2 Samuel 10:11, 2 Samuel 10:12, 2 Samuel 10:18, 2 Samuel 10:19

Key moments

  1. Condolences sent (2 Samuel 10:2). David sends comforters to Hanun, citing Nahash's former kindness.
  2. The mission called espionage (2 Samuel 10:3). Ammon's advisers allege that David's men have come to spy out the city.
  3. The envoys protected from further shame (2 Samuel 10:5). David tells them to wait at Jericho until their beards grow.
  4. Mutual support arranged (2 Samuel 10:11). Joab and Abishai agree to help whichever force comes under greater pressure.
  5. The coalition makes peace (2 Samuel 10:19). The defeated subject kings make peace with Israel and stop helping Ammon.

For reflection

How does the advisers' interpretation of the visitors help bring about the hostility they claim already exists?

People in this chapter

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