The Histories · Old Testament
1 Samuel 19
Jonathan and Michal help David escape
General context
Jonathan persuades Saul to spare David, and David returns to court. Saul later attempts to strike him with a spear and sends men to watch his house for a morning killing. Michal warns David, lowers him through a window and delays the messengers with an image in his bed. David flees to Samuel. Saul's successive arrest parties prophesy at Naioth instead of carrying out the capture. Saul himself begins prophesying as he approaches.
Cited passages: 1 Samuel 19:1, 1 Samuel 19:2, 1 Samuel 19:3, 1 Samuel 19:4, 1 Samuel 19:5, 1 Samuel 19:6, 1 Samuel 19:7, 1 Samuel 19:8, 1 Samuel 19:9, 1 Samuel 19:10, 1 Samuel 19:11, 1 Samuel 19:12, 1 Samuel 19:13, 1 Samuel 19:14, 1 Samuel 19:15, 1 Samuel 19:16, 1 Samuel 19:17, 1 Samuel 19:18, 1 Samuel 19:19, 1 Samuel 19:20, 1 Samuel 19:21, 1 Samuel 19:22, 1 Samuel 19:23, 1 Samuel 19:24
1 Samuel 19 (KJV)
1And Saul spake to Jonathan his son, and to all his servants, that they should kill David.
2But Jonathan Saul’s son delighted much in David: and Jonathan told David, saying, Saul my father seeketh to kill thee: now therefore, I pray thee, take heed to thyself until the morning, and abide in a secret place, and hide thyself:
3And I will go out and stand beside my father in the field where thou art, and I will commune with my father of thee; and what I see, that I will tell thee.
4And Jonathan spake good of David unto Saul his father, and said unto him, Let not the king sin against his servant, against David; because he hath not sinned against thee, and because his works have been to thee-ward very good:
5For he did put his life in his hand, and slew the Philistine, and the Lord wrought a great salvation for all Israel: thou sawest it, and didst rejoice: wherefore then wilt thou sin against innocent blood, to slay David without a cause?
6And Saul hearkened unto the voice of Jonathan: and Saul sware, As the Lord liveth, he shall not be slain.
7And Jonathan called David, and Jonathan shewed him all those things. And Jonathan brought David to Saul, and he was in his presence, as in times past.
8And there was war again: and David went out, and fought with the Philistines, and slew them with a great slaughter; and they fled from him.
9And the evil spirit from the Lord was upon Saul, as he sat in his house with his javelin in his hand: and David played with his hand.
10And Saul sought to smite David even to the wall with the javelin; but he slipped away out of Saul’s presence, and he smote the javelin into the wall: and David fled, and escaped that night.
11Saul also sent messengers unto David’s house, to watch him, and to slay him in the morning: and Michal David’s wife told him, saying, If thou save not thy life to night, to morrow thou shalt be slain.
12So Michal let David down through a window: and he went, and fled, and escaped.
13And Michal took an image, and laid it in the bed, and put a pillow of goats’ hair for his bolster, and covered it with a cloth.
14And when Saul sent messengers to take David, she said, He is sick.
15And Saul sent the messengers again to see David, saying, Bring him up to me in the bed, that I may slay him.
16And when the messengers were come in, behold, there was an image in the bed, with a pillow of goats’ hair for his bolster.
17And Saul said unto Michal, Why hast thou deceived me so, and sent away mine enemy, that he is escaped? And Michal answered Saul, He said unto me, Let me go; why should I kill thee?
18So David fled, and escaped, and came to Samuel to Ramah, and told him all that Saul had done to him. And he and Samuel went and dwelt in Naioth.
19And it was told Saul, saying, Behold, David is at Naioth in Ramah.
20And Saul sent messengers to take David: and when they saw the company of the prophets prophesying, and Samuel standing as appointed over them, the Spirit of God was upon the messengers of Saul, and they also prophesied.
21And when it was told Saul, he sent other messengers, and they prophesied likewise. And Saul sent messengers again the third time, and they prophesied also.
22Then went he also to Ramah, and came to a great well that is in Sechu: and he asked and said, Where are Samuel and David? And one said, Behold, they be at Naioth in Ramah.
23And he went thither to Naioth in Ramah: and the Spirit of God was upon him also, and he went on, and prophesied, until he came to Naioth in Ramah.
24And he stripped off his clothes also, and prophesied before Samuel in like manner, and lay down naked all that day and all that night. Wherefore they say, Is Saul also among the prophets?
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Historical context
Saul's own children act against his lethal plans: Jonathan argues from David's service, while Michal provides an escape route from the house. Her claim that David threatened her is her explanation to Saul, not an independently narrated threat. At Naioth in Ramah, Samuel stands over a company of prophets. The account describes the Spirit coming upon the pursuers without saying that this ends Saul's hostility.
Cited passages: 1 Samuel 19:2, 1 Samuel 19:3, 1 Samuel 19:4, 1 Samuel 19:5, 1 Samuel 19:6, 1 Samuel 19:7, 1 Samuel 19:11, 1 Samuel 19:12, 1 Samuel 19:13, 1 Samuel 19:14, 1 Samuel 19:15, 1 Samuel 19:16, 1 Samuel 19:17, 1 Samuel 19:18, 1 Samuel 19:19, 1 Samuel 19:20, 1 Samuel 19:21, 1 Samuel 19:22, 1 Samuel 19:23, 1 Samuel 19:24
Literary context
Saul's oath that David will not die is followed by renewed attempts on his life. Speech, a window and a disguised bed each obstruct the king's pursuit before the narrative reaches the prophetic company. Three parties fail in succession, and the king who goes personally is himself overcome. The closing proverb again asks whether Saul is among the prophets.
Cited passages: 1 Samuel 19:6, 1 Samuel 19:7, 1 Samuel 19:10, 1 Samuel 19:11, 1 Samuel 19:12, 1 Samuel 19:13, 1 Samuel 19:14, 1 Samuel 19:15, 1 Samuel 19:16, 1 Samuel 19:17, 1 Samuel 19:18, 1 Samuel 19:19, 1 Samuel 19:20, 1 Samuel 19:21, 1 Samuel 19:22, 1 Samuel 19:23, 1 Samuel 19:24, 1 Samuel 10:12
Key moments
- Jonathan argues for innocent blood (1 Samuel 19:5). He reminds Saul of David's service and asks why he should be killed without cause.
- David escapes the spear (1 Samuel 19:10). David slips away, and Saul's spear strikes the wall.
- Michal opens a way out (1 Samuel 19:12). She lowers David through the window so that he can flee.
- The messengers prophesy (1 Samuel 19:20). The Spirit of God comes upon the first party sent to seize David.
- Saul before Samuel (1 Samuel 19:24). Saul strips off his clothes and lies exposed while prophesying before Samuel.
For reflection
How do Jonathan and Michal respond when obedience to their father would put David's life at risk?