Naravist

The Torah · Old Testament

Numbers 35

Levitical cities and refuge after a killing

General context

Israel is to provide the Levites with forty-eight cities and surrounding land, including six cities of refuge. Three refuge cities are to be on each side of Jordan and available to Israelites and resident foreigners who kill unintentionally. The laws distinguish murder from killing without enmity or planned harm and require judgment before the congregation. An unintentional killer is returned to refuge until the high priest's death; leaving earlier exposes that person to the avenger of blood. A murderer may not buy release, and no ransom permits an early return from refuge. A single witness cannot establish a capital case. The chapter closes by saying bloodshed defiles the land where the Lord dwells.

Cited passages: Numbers 35:1, Numbers 35:2, Numbers 35:3, Numbers 35:4, Numbers 35:5, Numbers 35:6, Numbers 35:7, Numbers 35:8, Numbers 35:9, Numbers 35:10, Numbers 35:11, Numbers 35:12, Numbers 35:13, Numbers 35:14, Numbers 35:15, Numbers 35:16, Numbers 35:17, Numbers 35:18, Numbers 35:19, Numbers 35:20, Numbers 35:21, Numbers 35:22, Numbers 35:23, Numbers 35:24, Numbers 35:25, Numbers 35:26, Numbers 35:27, Numbers 35:28, Numbers 35:29, Numbers 35:30, Numbers 35:31, Numbers 35:32, Numbers 35:33, Numbers 35:34

Numbers 35 (KJV)

1And the Lord spake unto Moses in the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho, saying,

2Command the children of Israel, that they give unto the Levites of the inheritance of their possession cities to dwell in; and ye shall give also unto the Levites suburbs for the cities round about them.

3And the cities shall they have to dwell in; and the suburbs of them shall be for their cattle, and for their goods, and for all their beasts.

4And the suburbs of the cities, which ye shall give unto the Levites, shall reach from the wall of the city and outward a thousand cubits round about.

5And ye shall measure from without the city on the east side two thousand cubits, and on the south side two thousand cubits, and on the west side two thousand cubits, and on the north side two thousand cubits; and the city shall be in the midst: this shall be to them the suburbs of the cities.

6And among the cities which ye shall give unto the Levites there shall be six cities for refuge, which ye shall appoint for the manslayer, that he may flee thither: and to them ye shall add forty and two cities.

7So all the cities which ye shall give to the Levites shall be forty and eight cities: them shall ye give with their suburbs.

8And the cities which ye shall give shall be of the possession of the children of Israel: from them that have many ye shall give many; but from them that have few ye shall give few: every one shall give of his cities unto the Levites according to his inheritance which he inheriteth.

9And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying,

10Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye be come over Jordan into the land of Canaan;

11Then ye shall appoint you cities to be cities of refuge for you; that the slayer may flee thither, which killeth any person at unawares.

12And they shall be unto you cities for refuge from the avenger; that the manslayer die not, until he stand before the congregation in judgment.

13And of these cities which ye shall give six cities shall ye have for refuge.

14Ye shall give three cities on this side Jordan, and three cities shall ye give in the land of Canaan, which shall be cities of refuge.

15These six cities shall be a refuge, both for the children of Israel, and for the stranger, and for the sojourner among them: that every one that killeth any person unawares may flee thither.

16And if he smite him with an instrument of iron, so that he die, he is a murderer: the murderer shall surely be put to death.

17And if he smite him with throwing a stone, wherewith he may die, and he die, he is a murderer: the murderer shall surely be put to death.

18Or if he smite him with an hand weapon of wood, wherewith he may die, and he die, he is a murderer: the murderer shall surely be put to death.

19The revenger of blood himself shall slay the murderer: when he meeteth him, he shall slay him.

20But if he thrust him of hatred, or hurl at him by laying of wait, that he die;

21Or in enmity smite him with his hand, that he die: he that smote him shall surely be put to death; for he is a murderer: the revenger of blood shall slay the murderer, when he meeteth him.

22But if he thrust him suddenly without enmity, or have cast upon him any thing without laying of wait,

23Or with any stone, wherewith a man may die, seeing him not, and cast it upon him, that he die, and was not his enemy, neither sought his harm:

24Then the congregation shall judge between the slayer and the revenger of blood according to these judgments:

25And the congregation shall deliver the slayer out of the hand of the revenger of blood, and the congregation shall restore him to the city of his refuge, whither he was fled: and he shall abide in it unto the death of the high priest, which was anointed with the holy oil.

26But if the slayer shall at any time come without the border of the city of his refuge, whither he was fled;

27And the revenger of blood find him without the borders of the city of his refuge, and the revenger of blood kill the slayer; he shall not be guilty of blood:

28Because he should have remained in the city of his refuge until the death of the high priest: but after the death of the high priest the slayer shall return into the land of his possession.

29So these things shall be for a statute of judgment unto you throughout your generations in all your dwellings.

30Whoso killeth any person, the murderer shall be put to death by the mouth of witnesses: but one witness shall not testify against any person to cause him to die.

31Moreover ye shall take no satisfaction for the life of a murderer, which is guilty of death: but he shall be surely put to death.

32And ye shall take no satisfaction for him that is fled to the city of his refuge, that he should come again to dwell in the land, until the death of the priest.

33So ye shall not pollute the land wherein ye are: for blood it defileth the land: and the land cannot be cleansed of the blood that is shed therein, but by the blood of him that shed it.

34Defile not therefore the land which ye shall inhabit, wherein I dwell: for I the Lord dwell among the children of Israel.

This page shows the King James Version. In the app, reading opens in the Berean Standard Bible unless you have chosen another translation. The reader includes five translations: the Berean Standard Bible (BSB), the King James Version (KJV), the World English Bible (WEB), the Bible in Basic English (BBE), and the American Standard Version (ASV). Search covers three of them: Berean Standard, King James, and World English. Basic English and American Standard readers search the King James words.

Historical context

Cities are contributed in proportion to each tribe's inheritance. The surrounding land is for livestock and possessions. Verse 4 specifies a thousand cubits outward from the city wall; verse 5 specifies two thousand cubits on each side with the city in the middle. Both measurements are retained without inventing a surveyed plan to reconcile them. The avenger of blood is a recognized participant in these cases, but the congregation must judge between avenger and slayer. The high priest's death ends the prescribed stay in refuge.

Cited passages: Numbers 35:2, Numbers 35:3, Numbers 35:4, Numbers 35:5, Numbers 35:6, Numbers 35:7, Numbers 35:8, Numbers 35:12, Numbers 35:19, Numbers 35:20, Numbers 35:21, Numbers 35:22, Numbers 35:23, Numbers 35:24, Numbers 35:25, Numbers 35:26, Numbers 35:27, Numbers 35:28

Literary context

The chapter moves from the provision of Levitical towns to the special purpose of six of them. Cases involving weapons, hatred, ambush and unintended injury give substance to the distinction between murder and unintentional killing. Refuge protects the slayer while judgment is pending and, in the qualifying case, after judgment, with protection subject to a hearing and to the residence requirement. The concluding rejection of ransom and warning about the land place limits on treating a death as something money can settle.

Cited passages: Numbers 35:6, Numbers 35:7, Numbers 35:8, Numbers 35:9, Numbers 35:10, Numbers 35:11, Numbers 35:12, Numbers 35:13, Numbers 35:14, Numbers 35:15, Numbers 35:16, Numbers 35:17, Numbers 35:18, Numbers 35:19, Numbers 35:20, Numbers 35:21, Numbers 35:22, Numbers 35:23, Numbers 35:24, Numbers 35:25, Numbers 35:26, Numbers 35:27, Numbers 35:28, Numbers 35:29, Numbers 35:30, Numbers 35:31, Numbers 35:32, Numbers 35:33, Numbers 35:34

Key moments

  1. Six places of refuge (Numbers 35:6). Six refuge cities are included among the forty-eight cities assigned to the Levites.
  2. The congregation judges (Numbers 35:24). The congregation is to judge between the slayer and the avenger of blood.
  3. One witness is insufficient (Numbers 35:30). The rule does not allow a single witness to bring about a person's execution.

For reflection

How do the requirements for a hearing, witnesses and continued residence shape the protection offered here? What distinctions does the text ask the judging congregation to make?

People in this chapter