The Gospels · New Testament
Matthew 21
Matthew 21: the entry into Jerusalem, the temple, the fig tree, and two vineyard parables
General context
Near Jerusalem at Bethphage Jesus sends two disciples for an ass and a colt, and the narrator says this fulfils the prophet's word that the daughter of Sion's king comes meek and riding on an ass. The multitudes spread garments and branches and cry Hosanna to the Son of David. The city asks who this is, and the multitude answers that he is Jesus the prophet of Nazareth of Galilee. In the temple he casts out buyers and sellers, overturns the moneychangers' tables, and says it is written that his house is a house of prayer but they have made it a den of thieves. He heals the blind and lame there; the chief priests and scribes are displeased at the children's Hosanna, and Jesus answers with the verse about babes and sucklings. He lodges at Bethany. In the morning he curses a fruitless fig tree, which withers at once, and he tells the disciples that faith without doubting can move a mountain. In the temple the chief priests and elders ask by what authority he acts; he asks about John's baptism, they refuse to answer, and he refuses too. He tells of two sons, one who refuses and then goes and one who agrees and does not, and says publicans and harlots enter the kingdom before them because they believed John. He tells of husbandmen who beat, kill and stone the owner's servants and then kill his son, quotes the rejected stone become the head of the corner, and says the kingdom will be given to a nation bringing forth its fruits. The chief priests and Pharisees perceive he speaks of them but fear the multitude.
Cited passages: Matthew 21:1, Matthew 21:2, Matthew 21:4, Matthew 21:5, Matthew 21:8, Matthew 21:9, Matthew 21:10, Matthew 21:11, Matthew 21:12, Matthew 21:13, Matthew 21:14, Matthew 21:15, Matthew 21:16, Matthew 21:17, Matthew 21:19, Matthew 21:21, Matthew 21:23, Matthew 21:25, Matthew 21:27, Matthew 21:29, Matthew 21:30, Matthew 21:31, Matthew 21:35, Matthew 21:39, Matthew 21:42, Matthew 21:43, Matthew 21:45, Matthew 21:46
Matthew 21 (KJV)
1And when they drew nigh unto Jerusalem, and were come to Bethphage, unto the mount of Olives, then sent Jesus two disciples,
2Saying unto them, Go into the village over against you, and straightway ye shall find an ass tied, and a colt with her: loose them, and bring them unto me.
3And if any man say ought unto you, ye shall say, The Lord hath need of them; and straightway he will send them.
4All this was done, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet, saying,
5Tell ye the daughter of Sion, Behold, thy King cometh unto thee, meek, and sitting upon an ass, and a colt the foal of an ass.
6And the disciples went, and did as Jesus commanded them,
7And brought the ass, and the colt, and put on them their clothes, and they set him thereon.
8And a very great multitude spread their garments in the way; others cut down branches from the trees, and strawed them in the way.
9And the multitudes that went before, and that followed, cried, saying, Hosanna to the Son of David: Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord; Hosanna in the highest.
10And when he was come into Jerusalem, all the city was moved, saying, Who is this?
11And the multitude said, This is Jesus the prophet of Nazareth of Galilee.
12And Jesus went into the temple of God, and cast out all them that sold and bought in the temple, and overthrew the tables of the moneychangers, and the seats of them that sold doves,
13And said unto them, It is written, My house shall be called the house of prayer; but ye have made it a den of thieves.
14And the blind and the lame came to him in the temple; and he healed them.
15And when the chief priests and scribes saw the wonderful things that he did, and the children crying in the temple, and saying, Hosanna to the Son of David; they were sore displeased,
16And said unto him, Hearest thou what these say? And Jesus saith unto them, Yea; have ye never read, Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings thou hast perfected praise?
17And he left them, and went out of the city into Bethany; and he lodged there.
18Now in the morning as he returned into the city, he hungered.
19And when he saw a fig tree in the way, he came to it, and found nothing thereon, but leaves only, and said unto it, Let no fruit grow on thee henceforward for ever. And presently the fig tree withered away.
20And when the disciples saw it, they marvelled, saying, How soon is the fig tree withered away!
21Jesus answered and said unto them, Verily I say unto you, If ye have faith, and doubt not, ye shall not only do this which is done to the fig tree, but also if ye shall say unto this mountain, Be thou removed, and be thou cast into the sea; it shall be done.
22And all things, whatsoever ye shall ask in prayer, believing, ye shall receive.
23And when he was come into the temple, the chief priests and the elders of the people came unto him as he was teaching, and said, By what authority doest thou these things? and who gave thee this authority?
24And Jesus answered and said unto them, I also will ask you one thing, which if ye tell me, I in like wise will tell you by what authority I do these things.
25The baptism of John, whence was it? from heaven, or of men? And they reasoned with themselves, saying, If we shall say, From heaven; he will say unto us, Why did ye not then believe him?
26But if we shall say, Of men; we fear the people; for all hold John as a prophet.
27And they answered Jesus, and said, We cannot tell. And he said unto them, Neither tell I you by what authority I do these things.
28But what think ye? A certain man had two sons; and he came to the first, and said, Son, go work to day in my vineyard.
29He answered and said, I will not: but afterward he repented, and went.
30And he came to the second, and said likewise. And he answered and said, I go, sir: and went not.
31Whether of them twain did the will of his father? They say unto him, The first. Jesus saith unto them, Verily I say unto you, That the publicans and the harlots go into the kingdom of God before you.
32For John came unto you in the way of righteousness, and ye believed him not: but the publicans and the harlots believed him: and ye, when ye had seen it, repented not afterward, that ye might believe him.
33Hear another parable: There was a certain householder, which planted a vineyard, and hedged it round about, and digged a winepress in it, and built a tower, and let it out to husbandmen, and went into a far country:
34And when the time of the fruit drew near, he sent his servants to the husbandmen, that they might receive the fruits of it.
35And the husbandmen took his servants, and beat one, and killed another, and stoned another.
36Again, he sent other servants more than the first: and they did unto them likewise.
37But last of all he sent unto them his son, saying, They will reverence my son.
38But when the husbandmen saw the son, they said among themselves, This is the heir; come, let us kill him, and let us seize on his inheritance.
39And they caught him, and cast him out of the vineyard, and slew him.
40When the lord therefore of the vineyard cometh, what will he do unto those husbandmen?
41They say unto him, He will miserably destroy those wicked men, and will let out his vineyard unto other husbandmen, which shall render him the fruits in their seasons.
42Jesus saith unto them, Did ye never read in the scriptures, The stone which the builders rejected, the same is become the head of the corner: this is the Lord’s doing, and it is marvellous in our eyes?
43Therefore say I unto you, The kingdom of God shall be taken from you, and given to a nation bringing forth the fruits thereof.
44And whosoever shall fall on this stone shall be broken: but on whomsoever it shall fall, it will grind him to powder.
45And when the chief priests and Pharisees had heard his parables, they perceived that he spake of them.
46But when they sought to lay hands on him, they feared the multitude, because they took him for a prophet.
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Historical context
The fulfilment citation is introduced by the narrator as spoken by the prophet, without naming the prophet, and Matthew's text mentions both an ass and a colt, with the disciples putting clothes on them and setting him thereon. The other scriptures in the chapter are quoted by Jesus: It is written for the house of prayer, have ye never read for babes and sucklings, and Did ye never read in the scriptures for the rejected stone. None is assigned to a named book in the text. The multitude identifies Jesus as the prophet of Nazareth of Galilee, and at the end the narrator says the leaders feared the multitude because the multitude took him for a prophet. The fig tree withers presently, in the moment, and the disciples' question is about how soon. The question of authority comes from the chief priests and the elders of the people; the parables' hearers are named at the close as chief priests and Pharisees. The husbandmen's violence, beating, killing and stoning servants and slaying the son, is stated plainly, and Jesus' hearers themselves pronounce the sentence on such men.
Cited passages: Matthew 21:4, Matthew 21:7, Matthew 21:13, Matthew 21:16, Matthew 21:42, Matthew 21:11, Matthew 21:46, Matthew 21:20, Matthew 21:23, Matthew 21:45, Matthew 21:36, Matthew 21:41
Literary context
The chapter moves Jesus into Jerusalem and into open conflict in the temple. The crowd's Hosanna is echoed by children inside the temple, and the chief priests' displeasure at the second echo introduces the dispute that fills the rest of the chapter. The fig tree with leaves only and no fruit sits between two temple scenes, and the vineyard parable that follows turns on fruits withheld. The authority exchange is a question answered by a question, and the leaders' reasoning is reported in their own words so the reader sees the calculation behind We cannot tell. The two parables both end by making the hearers judge themselves: they name the first son as the one who did the will of his father, and they pronounce the fate of the husbandmen before Jesus applies it. The rejected stone answers the slain son, and the narrator closes with the leaders' recognition and their fear.
Cited passages: Matthew 21:9, Matthew 21:15, Matthew 21:19, Matthew 21:34, Matthew 21:24, Matthew 21:26, Matthew 21:31, Matthew 21:40, Matthew 21:38, Matthew 21:42, Matthew 21:46
Key moments
- Riding into Jerusalem (Matthew 21:7). The disciples bring the ass and colt and set Jesus on them.
- Hosanna to the Son of David (Matthew 21:9). The multitudes before and behind cry out as Jesus enters the city.
- Tables overturned (Matthew 21:12). Jesus casts out the buyers and sellers and overturns the moneychangers' tables.
- The fig tree withers (Matthew 21:19). Finding leaves only, Jesus speaks to the tree and it withers at once.
- Whence was John's baptism? (Matthew 21:25). Jesus answers the question of authority with a question the leaders will not answer.
- The son cast out and slain (Matthew 21:39). The husbandmen kill the owner's son to seize the inheritance.
- The rejected stone (Matthew 21:42). Jesus quotes the stone the builders rejected become the head of the corner.
For reflection
The chief priests and elders reason out the cost of each answer aloud, and then say We cannot tell. What does the narrator let the reader see by reporting their reasoning before their reply?