The Histories · Old Testament
Joshua 9
Gibeon's deception and an oath Israel keeps
General context
As neighbouring kings prepare to fight Israel, Gibeon's inhabitants choose a different response. They bring worn bags, patched footwear and dry bread to Gilgal, pretending to have travelled from far away. Their speech cites the Lord's acts in Egypt and the defeat of Sihon and Og. Israel's leaders take their provisions without seeking the Lord's counsel, and Joshua makes a treaty to let them live. Three days later the people learn that the visitors are neighbours; the cities named are Gibeon, Chephirah, Beeroth and Kirjath-jearim. Though the congregation complains, the leaders refuse to kill people protected by their oath in the Lord's name. Joshua confronts the deception and imposes continuing service as woodcutters and water carriers. The Gibeonites explain that fear for their lives drove the scheme, and Joshua prevents their killing.
Cited passages: Joshua 9:1, Joshua 9:2, Joshua 9:3, Joshua 9:4, Joshua 9:5, Joshua 9:6, Joshua 9:7, Joshua 9:8, Joshua 9:9, Joshua 9:10, Joshua 9:11, Joshua 9:12, Joshua 9:13, Joshua 9:14, Joshua 9:15, Joshua 9:16, Joshua 9:17, Joshua 9:18, Joshua 9:19, Joshua 9:20, Joshua 9:21, Joshua 9:22, Joshua 9:23, Joshua 9:24, Joshua 9:25, Joshua 9:26, Joshua 9:27
Joshua 9 (KJV)
1And it came to pass, when all the kings which were on this side Jordan, in the hills, and in the valleys, and in all the coasts of the great sea over against Lebanon, the Hittite, and the Amorite, the Canaanite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite, heard thereof;
2That they gathered themselves together, to fight with Joshua and with Israel, with one accord.
3And when the inhabitants of Gibeon heard what Joshua had done unto Jericho and to Ai,
4They did work wilily, and went and made as if they had been ambassadors, and took old sacks upon their asses, and wine bottles, old, and rent, and bound up;
5And old shoes and clouted upon their feet, and old garments upon them; and all the bread of their provision was dry and mouldy.
6And they went to Joshua unto the camp at Gilgal, and said unto him, and to the men of Israel, We be come from a far country: now therefore make ye a league with us.
7And the men of Israel said unto the Hivites, Peradventure ye dwell among us; and how shall we make a league with you?
8And they said unto Joshua, We are thy servants. And Joshua said unto them, Who are ye? and from whence come ye?
9And they said unto him, From a very far country thy servants are come because of the name of the Lord thy God: for we have heard the fame of him, and all that he did in Egypt,
10And all that he did to the two kings of the Amorites, that were beyond Jordan, to Sihon king of Heshbon, and to Og king of Bashan, which was at Ashtaroth.
11Wherefore our elders and all the inhabitants of our country spake to us, saying, Take victuals with you for the journey, and go to meet them, and say unto them, We are your servants: therefore now make ye a league with us.
12This our bread we took hot for our provision out of our houses on the day we came forth to go unto you; but now, behold, it is dry, and it is mouldy:
13And these bottles of wine, which we filled, were new; and, behold, they be rent: and these our garments and our shoes are become old by reason of the very long journey.
14And the men took of their victuals, and asked not counsel at the mouth of the Lord.
15And Joshua made peace with them, and made a league with them, to let them live: and the princes of the congregation sware unto them.
16And it came to pass at the end of three days after they had made a league with them, that they heard that they were their neighbours, and that they dwelt among them.
17And the children of Israel journeyed, and came unto their cities on the third day. Now their cities were Gibeon, and Chephirah, and Beeroth, and Kirjath-jearim.
18And the children of Israel smote them not, because the princes of the congregation had sworn unto them by the Lord God of Israel. And all the congregation murmured against the princes.
19But all the princes said unto all the congregation, We have sworn unto them by the Lord God of Israel: now therefore we may not touch them.
20This we will do to them; we will even let them live, lest wrath be upon us, because of the oath which we sware unto them.
21And the princes said unto them, Let them live; but let them be hewers of wood and drawers of water unto all the congregation; as the princes had promised them.
22And Joshua called for them, and he spake unto them, saying, Wherefore have ye beguiled us, saying, We are very far from you; when ye dwell among us?
23Now therefore ye are cursed, and there shall none of you be freed from being bondmen, and hewers of wood and drawers of water for the house of my God.
24And they answered Joshua, and said, Because it was certainly told thy servants, how that the Lord thy God commanded his servant Moses to give you all the land, and to destroy all the inhabitants of the land from before you, therefore we were sore afraid of our lives because of you, and have done this thing.
25And now, behold, we are in thine hand: as it seemeth good and right unto thee to do unto us, do.
26And so did he unto them, and delivered them out of the hand of the children of Israel, that they slew them not.
27And Joshua made them that day hewers of wood and drawers of water for the congregation, and for the altar of the Lord, even unto this day, in the place which he should choose.
This page shows the King James Version. In the app, reading opens in the Berean Standard Bible unless you have chosen another translation. The reader includes five translations: the Berean Standard Bible (BSB), the King James Version (KJV), the World English Bible (WEB), the Bible in Basic English (BBE), and the American Standard Version (ASV). Search covers three of them: Berean Standard, King James, and World English. Basic English and American Standard readers search the King James words.
Historical context
The apparent signs of a long journey are deliberately prepared, not independent proof of the visitors' origin. KJV and ASV describe their pose as ambassadors; BBE emphasizes preparing food as for a long journey. Verse 16 places discovery three days after the treaty, while verse 17 describes reaching the cities on the third day; the passage does not supply every interval needed for a more elaborate chronology. The oath is retained despite deception because the leaders fear wrath for breaking it. The resulting labour is imposed and continuing: KJV calls them bondmen and BBE says servants for ever. Service is assigned to the congregation and the altar at the place the Lord will choose.
Cited passages: Joshua 9:4, Joshua 9:5, Joshua 9:12, Joshua 9:13, Joshua 9:14, Joshua 9:15, Joshua 9:16, Joshua 9:17, Joshua 9:18, Joshua 9:19, Joshua 9:20, Joshua 9:21, Joshua 9:22, Joshua 9:23, Joshua 9:24, Joshua 9:25, Joshua 9:26, Joshua 9:27
Literary context
The reader knows the deception as the visitors present their props to Israel. Old bread and patched containers carry the story the visitors want believed, and the narrator identifies the missing act of seeking counsel. Once the truth is known, the oath creates a second problem: the leaders must respond to deceit without violating their sworn protection. Fear is voiced on both sides, the Gibeonites' fear of death and the leaders' fear of wrath. Survival comes with compulsory service, which the ending keeps visible.
Cited passages: Joshua 9:3, Joshua 9:4, Joshua 9:5, Joshua 9:12, Joshua 9:13, Joshua 9:14, Joshua 9:15, Joshua 9:18, Joshua 9:19, Joshua 9:20, Joshua 9:21, Joshua 9:22, Joshua 9:23, Joshua 9:24, Joshua 9:25, Joshua 9:26, Joshua 9:27
Key moments
- The prepared evidence (Joshua 9:5). Worn clothes and dry bread support the visitors' claim to have come from far away.
- Counsel is not sought (Joshua 9:14). The narrator states that Israel takes the provisions without asking the Lord's direction.
- The oath prevents killing (Joshua 9:19). The leaders insist that their sworn promise in the Lord's name must be kept.
- Fear is their explanation (Joshua 9:24). The Gibeonites say the announced destruction of the land's inhabitants made them afraid for their lives.
For reflection
The leaders discover that their decision rested on false evidence, yet their promise has consequences for other people's lives. What obligations remain when you discover that a commitment was made on mistaken assumptions?
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