The Torah · Old Testament
Genesis 38
Tamar presents Judah's pledge, and he acknowledges his failure
General context
Judah's sons are Er, Onan and Shelah. Er marries Tamar, but the Lord kills him for wickedness. Onan is told to provide offspring for his dead brother; he deliberately prevents this, and the Lord kills him too. Judah sends Tamar to her father's house to wait for Shelah, but does not give her to him when he is grown. After Judah's wife dies, Tamar covers her face and meets Judah on the road. He mistakes her for a prostitute and has sex with her, leaving personal objects as a pledge for payment. Tamar conceives. When her pregnancy is reported, Judah orders her burned. She sends the pledge objects to identify the father. Judah recognizes them, says she is more righteous than he because he withheld Shelah, and has no further sexual relationship with her. Tamar bears twins, Pharez and Zarah.
Cited passages: Genesis 38:1, Genesis 38:2, Genesis 38:3, Genesis 38:4, Genesis 38:5, Genesis 38:6, Genesis 38:7, Genesis 38:8, Genesis 38:9, Genesis 38:10, Genesis 38:11, Genesis 38:12, Genesis 38:13, Genesis 38:14, Genesis 38:15, Genesis 38:16, Genesis 38:17, Genesis 38:18, Genesis 38:19, Genesis 38:20, Genesis 38:21, Genesis 38:22, Genesis 38:23, Genesis 38:24, Genesis 38:25, Genesis 38:26, Genesis 38:27, Genesis 38:28, Genesis 38:29, Genesis 38:30
Genesis 38 (KJV)
1And it came to pass at that time, that Judah went down from his brethren, and turned in to a certain Adullamite, whose name was Hirah.
2And Judah saw there a daughter of a certain Canaanite, whose name was Shuah; and he took her, and went in unto her.
3And she conceived, and bare a son; and he called his name Er.
4And she conceived again, and bare a son; and she called his name Onan.
5And she yet again conceived, and bare a son; and called his name Shelah: and he was at Chezib, when she bare him.
6And Judah took a wife for Er his firstborn, whose name was Tamar.
7And Er, Judah’s firstborn, was wicked in the sight of the Lord; and the Lord slew him.
8And Judah said unto Onan, Go in unto thy brother’s wife, and marry her, and raise up seed to thy brother.
9And Onan knew that the seed should not be his; and it came to pass, when he went in unto his brother’s wife, that he spilled it on the ground, lest that he should give seed to his brother.
10And the thing which he did displeased the Lord: wherefore he slew him also.
11Then said Judah to Tamar his daughter in law, Remain a widow at thy father’s house, till Shelah my son be grown: for he said, Lest peradventure he die also, as his brethren did. And Tamar went and dwelt in her father’s house.
12And in process of time the daughter of Shuah Judah’s wife died; and Judah was comforted, and went up unto his sheepshearers to Timnath, he and his friend Hirah the Adullamite.
13And it was told Tamar, saying, Behold thy father in law goeth up to Timnath to shear his sheep.
14And she put her widow’s garments off from her, and covered her with a vail, and wrapped herself, and sat in an open place, which is by the way to Timnath; for she saw that Shelah was grown, and she was not given unto him to wife.
15When Judah saw her, he thought her to be an harlot; because she had covered her face.
16And he turned unto her by the way, and said, Go to, I pray thee, let me come in unto thee; (for he knew not that she was his daughter in law.) And she said, What wilt thou give me, that thou mayest come in unto me?
17And he said, I will send thee a kid from the flock. And she said, Wilt thou give me a pledge, till thou send it?
18And he said, What pledge shall I give thee? And she said, Thy signet, and thy bracelets, and thy staff that is in thine hand. And he gave it her, and came in unto her, and she conceived by him.
19And she arose, and went away, and laid by her vail from her, and put on the garments of her widowhood.
20And Judah sent the kid by the hand of his friend the Adullamite, to receive his pledge from the woman’s hand: but he found her not.
21Then he asked the men of that place, saying, Where is the harlot, that was openly by the way side? And they said, There was no harlot in this place.
22And he returned to Judah, and said, I cannot find her; and also the men of the place said, that there was no harlot in this place.
23And Judah said, Let her take it to her, lest we be shamed: behold, I sent this kid, and thou hast not found her.
24And it came to pass about three months after, that it was told Judah, saying, Tamar thy daughter in law hath played the harlot; and also, behold, she is with child by whoredom. And Judah said, Bring her forth, and let her be burnt.
25When she was brought forth, she sent to her father in law, saying, By the man, whose these are, am I with child: and she said, Discern, I pray thee, whose are these, the signet, and bracelets, and staff.
26And Judah acknowledged them, and said, She hath been more righteous than I; because that I gave her not to Shelah my son. And he knew her again no more.
27And it came to pass in the time of her travail, that, behold, twins were in her womb.
28And it came to pass, when she travailed, that the one put out his hand: and the midwife took and bound upon his hand a scarlet thread, saying, This came out first.
29And it came to pass, as he drew back his hand, that, behold, his brother came out: and she said, How hast thou broken forth? this breach be upon thee: therefore his name was called Pharez.
30And afterward came out his brother, that had the scarlet thread upon his hand: and his name was called Zarah.
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Historical context
Judah's wife is identified as Shuah's daughter but is not named. Hirah is his Adullamite friend. The account calls Er wicked without specifying his act. Onan knows the offspring would not be his. During intercourse, he spills his semen on the ground to avoid providing offspring for his brother. Judah's instruction to Tamar is to remain a widow until Shelah grows up; the narrator later says Shelah is grown and she has not been given to him. The promised payment is a young goat, with objects including Judah's signet and staff held as security. About three months later the pregnancy is reported. At the birth, one twin's hand is marked with scarlet thread, but Pharez is born before the marked twin, Zarah.
Cited passages: Genesis 38:1, Genesis 38:2, Genesis 38:3, Genesis 38:4, Genesis 38:5, Genesis 38:6, Genesis 38:7, Genesis 38:8, Genesis 38:9, Genesis 38:10, Genesis 38:11, Genesis 38:12, Genesis 38:14, Genesis 38:15, Genesis 38:16, Genesis 38:17, Genesis 38:18, Genesis 38:20, Genesis 38:21, Genesis 38:22, Genesis 38:23, Genesis 38:24, Genesis 38:25, Genesis 38:26, Genesis 38:27, Genesis 38:28, Genesis 38:29, Genesis 38:30
Literary context
Recognition comes late in a story of withheld family obligations and mistaken identity. The reader knows the veiled woman is Tamar while Judah does not. The pledge that seems to secure a future payment becomes evidence against the man who orders her punishment. Tamar asks him to recognize his own possessions, and his response names his failure to give her to Shelah. The final birth scene adds another reversal: the marked hand appears first, but the other child is born first. The chapter ends with the two sons rather than with Tamar's threatened execution.
Cited passages: Genesis 38:8, Genesis 38:9, Genesis 38:11, Genesis 38:14, Genesis 38:15, Genesis 38:16, Genesis 38:17, Genesis 38:18, Genesis 38:19, Genesis 38:20, Genesis 38:23, Genesis 38:24, Genesis 38:25, Genesis 38:26, Genesis 38:27, Genesis 38:28, Genesis 38:29, Genesis 38:30
Key moments
- Tamar sees the promise has not been kept (Genesis 38:14). Tamar sees that Shelah is grown but she has not been given to him as a wife.
- The pledge identifies the father (Genesis 38:25). Tamar sends Judah the objects and asks him to recognize whose they are.
- Judah acknowledges his failure (Genesis 38:26). Judah recognizes the pledge and says Tamar is more righteous than he because he did not give her to Shelah.
- Pharez is born first (Genesis 38:29). After the marked hand withdraws, the other brother is born and named Pharez.
For reflection
How does the meaning of Judah's pledge change between the roadside encounter and Tamar's presentation of it?
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