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The Torah · Old Testament

Deuteronomy 21

Unanswered bloodshed, captive marriage and family judgments

General context

When a slain person is found and the killer is unknown, the nearest city's elders perform a heifer rite, deny involvement and ask that innocent blood not be charged to Israel. A soldier who wants a captive woman as his wife must allow her a full month to mourn her parents; if he later rejects her, he must release her rather than sell her. The chapter protects the double inheritance share of a firstborn son whose mother is less loved. It also commands stoning for the stubborn, rebellious son whom both parents bring before the elders as a glutton and drunkard. A person put to death and hung on a tree must be buried that day so the body does not defile the land.

Cited passages: Deuteronomy 21:1, Deuteronomy 21:2, Deuteronomy 21:3, Deuteronomy 21:4, Deuteronomy 21:5, Deuteronomy 21:6, Deuteronomy 21:7, Deuteronomy 21:8, Deuteronomy 21:9, Deuteronomy 21:10, Deuteronomy 21:11, Deuteronomy 21:12, Deuteronomy 21:13, Deuteronomy 21:14, Deuteronomy 21:15, Deuteronomy 21:16, Deuteronomy 21:17, Deuteronomy 21:18, Deuteronomy 21:19, Deuteronomy 21:20, Deuteronomy 21:21, Deuteronomy 21:22, Deuteronomy 21:23

Deuteronomy 21 (KJV)

1If one be found slain in the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee to possess it, lying in the field, and it be not known who hath slain him:

2Then thy elders and thy judges shall come forth, and they shall measure unto the cities which are round about him that is slain:

3And it shall be, that the city which is next unto the slain man, even the elders of that city shall take an heifer, which hath not been wrought with, and which hath not drawn in the yoke;

4And the elders of that city shall bring down the heifer unto a rough valley, which is neither eared nor sown, and shall strike off the heifer’s neck there in the valley:

5And the priests the sons of Levi shall come near; for them the Lord thy God hath chosen to minister unto him, and to bless in the name of the Lord; and by their word shall every controversy and every stroke be tried:

6And all the elders of that city, that are next unto the slain man, shall wash their hands over the heifer that is beheaded in the valley:

7And they shall answer and say, Our hands have not shed this blood, neither have our eyes seen it.

8Be merciful, O Lord, unto thy people Israel, whom thou hast redeemed, and lay not innocent blood unto thy people of Israel’s charge. And the blood shall be forgiven them.

9So shalt thou put away the guilt of innocent blood from among you, when thou shalt do that which is right in the sight of the Lord.

10When thou goest forth to war against thine enemies, and the Lord thy God hath delivered them into thine hands, and thou hast taken them captive,

11And seest among the captives a beautiful woman, and hast a desire unto her, that thou wouldest have her to thy wife;

12Then thou shalt bring her home to thine house; and she shall shave her head, and pare her nails;

13And she shall put the raiment of her captivity from off her, and shall remain in thine house, and bewail her father and her mother a full month: and after that thou shalt go in unto her, and be her husband, and she shall be thy wife.

14And it shall be, if thou have no delight in her, then thou shalt let her go whither she will; but thou shalt not sell her at all for money, thou shalt not make merchandise of her, because thou hast humbled her.

15If a man have two wives, one beloved, and another hated, and they have born him children, both the beloved and the hated; and if the firstborn son be hers that was hated:

16Then it shall be, when he maketh his sons to inherit that which he hath, that he may not make the son of the beloved firstborn before the son of the hated, which is indeed the firstborn:

17But he shall acknowledge the son of the hated for the firstborn, by giving him a double portion of all that he hath: for he is the beginning of his strength; the right of the firstborn is his.

18If a man have a stubborn and rebellious son, which will not obey the voice of his father, or the voice of his mother, and that, when they have chastened him, will not hearken unto them:

19Then shall his father and his mother lay hold on him, and bring him out unto the elders of his city, and unto the gate of his place;

20And they shall say unto the elders of his city, This our son is stubborn and rebellious, he will not obey our voice; he is a glutton, and a drunkard.

21And all the men of his city shall stone him with stones, that he die: so shalt thou put evil away from among you; and all Israel shall hear, and fear.

22And if a man have committed a sin worthy of death, and he be to be put to death, and thou hang him on a tree:

23His body shall not remain all night upon the tree, but thou shalt in any wise bury him that day; (for he that is hanged is accursed of God;) that thy land be not defiled, which the Lord thy God giveth thee for an inheritance.

This page shows the King James Version. In the app, reading opens in the Berean Standard Bible unless you have chosen another translation. The reader includes five translations: the Berean Standard Bible (BSB), the King James Version (KJV), the World English Bible (WEB), the Bible in Basic English (BBE), and the American Standard Version (ASV). Search covers three of them: Berean Standard, King James, and World English. Basic English and American Standard readers search the King James words.

Historical context

The unknown murder brings elders, judges and Levitical priests into a public response without naming a guilty individual. In the heifer rite, the KJV describes a rough valley and striking off the animal's neck; the ASV and BBE describe running water and breaking its neck. The captive-marriage rule begins with the soldier's desire and does not record the woman's consent. Her month of mourning and freedom if rejected are explicit restrictions within that captivity. The inheritance case assumes two wives and prevents the father's preference from displacing the actual firstborn. The son's execution is a prescribed case involving both parents and the town, not a narrated execution.

Cited passages: Deuteronomy 21:1, Deuteronomy 21:2, Deuteronomy 21:3, Deuteronomy 21:4, Deuteronomy 21:5, Deuteronomy 21:6, Deuteronomy 21:7, Deuteronomy 21:8, Deuteronomy 21:10, Deuteronomy 21:11, Deuteronomy 21:12, Deuteronomy 21:13, Deuteronomy 21:14, Deuteronomy 21:15, Deuteronomy 21:16, Deuteronomy 21:17, Deuteronomy 21:18, Deuteronomy 21:19, Deuteronomy 21:20, Deuteronomy 21:21

Literary context

A body found in a field opens the chapter; a body displayed on a tree closes it. Both passages speak of responsibility for the land, even when the community is not being asked to identify a new killer. Between them, legal cases expose unequal power within captivity and households, setting some limits while also prescribing death for the rebellious son. Keeping those cases distinct avoids turning the chapter into a claim that every rule offers the same kind of protection.

Cited passages: Deuteronomy 21:1, Deuteronomy 21:2, Deuteronomy 21:3, Deuteronomy 21:4, Deuteronomy 21:5, Deuteronomy 21:6, Deuteronomy 21:7, Deuteronomy 21:8, Deuteronomy 21:9, Deuteronomy 21:10, Deuteronomy 21:11, Deuteronomy 21:12, Deuteronomy 21:13, Deuteronomy 21:14, Deuteronomy 21:15, Deuteronomy 21:16, Deuteronomy 21:17, Deuteronomy 21:18, Deuteronomy 21:19, Deuteronomy 21:20, Deuteronomy 21:21, Deuteronomy 21:22, Deuteronomy 21:23

Key moments

  1. The nearest city responds (Deuteronomy 21:3). Measurement identifies the city whose elders must undertake the rite for an unsolved killing.
  2. A month to mourn (Deuteronomy 21:13). The captive woman remains in the house and mourns her father and mother before the marriage proceeds.
  3. Preference cannot move the birthright (Deuteronomy 21:17). The firstborn son of the less-loved wife must receive his double portion.
  4. Burial before night (Deuteronomy 21:23). The executed person's body may not remain on the tree overnight.

For reflection

The elders cannot identify the killer, yet they must respond to the death. How might that scene sharpen your attention to harm that a community is tempted to treat as nobody's responsibility?

People in this chapter