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The Torah · Old Testament

Deuteronomy 20

Exemptions, siege and the treatment of cities

General context

Before battle, the priest tells Israel not to fear superior forces because the Lord who brought them from Egypt goes with them. Officers release men with an undedicated new house, an uneaten vineyard or a betrothed wife, and also those whose fear could spread. For distant cities, an accepted offer of peace leads to compulsory service; resistance leads to siege, the killing of the males and the taking of women, children, livestock and goods. The cities of the six named peoples in Israel's inheritance receive a different command: nothing that breathes is to remain alive, with the stated purpose of preventing instruction in other worship. A final siege rule protects food-bearing trees while allowing other trees to be used for siegeworks.

Cited passages: Deuteronomy 20:1, Deuteronomy 20:2, Deuteronomy 20:3, Deuteronomy 20:4, Deuteronomy 20:5, Deuteronomy 20:6, Deuteronomy 20:7, Deuteronomy 20:8, Deuteronomy 20:10, Deuteronomy 20:11, Deuteronomy 20:12, Deuteronomy 20:13, Deuteronomy 20:14, Deuteronomy 20:15, Deuteronomy 20:16, Deuteronomy 20:17, Deuteronomy 20:18, Deuteronomy 20:19, Deuteronomy 20:20

Deuteronomy 20 (KJV)

1When thou goest out to battle against thine enemies, and seest horses, and chariots, and a people more than thou, be not afraid of them: for the Lord thy God is with thee, which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt.

2And it shall be, when ye are come nigh unto the battle, that the priest shall approach and speak unto the people,

3And shall say unto them, Hear, O Israel, ye approach this day unto battle against your enemies: let not your hearts faint, fear not, and do not tremble, neither be ye terrified because of them;

4For the Lord your God is he that goeth with you, to fight for you against your enemies, to save you.

5And the officers shall speak unto the people, saying, What man is there that hath built a new house, and hath not dedicated it? let him go and return to his house, lest he die in the battle, and another man dedicate it.

6And what man is he that hath planted a vineyard, and hath not yet eaten of it? let him also go and return unto his house, lest he die in the battle, and another man eat of it.

7And what man is there that hath betrothed a wife, and hath not taken her? let him go and return unto his house, lest he die in the battle, and another man take her.

8And the officers shall speak further unto the people, and they shall say, What man is there that is fearful and fainthearted? let him go and return unto his house, lest his brethren’s heart faint as well as his heart.

9And it shall be, when the officers have made an end of speaking unto the people, that they shall make captains of the armies to lead the people.

10When thou comest nigh unto a city to fight against it, then proclaim peace unto it.

11And it shall be, if it make thee answer of peace, and open unto thee, then it shall be, that all the people that is found therein shall be tributaries unto thee, and they shall serve thee.

12And if it will make no peace with thee, but will make war against thee, then thou shalt besiege it:

13And when the Lord thy God hath delivered it into thine hands, thou shalt smite every male thereof with the edge of the sword:

14But the women, and the little ones, and the cattle, and all that is in the city, even all the spoil thereof, shalt thou take unto thyself; and thou shalt eat the spoil of thine enemies, which the Lord thy God hath given thee.

15Thus shalt thou do unto all the cities which are very far off from thee, which are not of the cities of these nations.

16But of the cities of these people, which the Lord thy God doth give thee for an inheritance, thou shalt save alive nothing that breatheth:

17But thou shalt utterly destroy them; namely, the Hittites, and the Amorites, the Canaanites, and the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites; as the Lord thy God hath commanded thee:

18That they teach you not to do after all their abominations, which they have done unto their gods; so should ye sin against the Lord your God.

19When thou shalt besiege a city a long time, in making war against it to take it, thou shalt not destroy the trees thereof by forcing an axe against them: for thou mayest eat of them, and thou shalt not cut them down (for the tree of the field is man’s life) to employ them in the siege:

20Only the trees which thou knowest that they be not trees for meat, thou shalt destroy and cut them down; and thou shalt build bulwarks against the city that maketh war with thee, until it be subdued.

This page shows the King James Version. In the app, reading opens in the Berean Standard Bible unless you have chosen another translation. The reader includes five translations: the Berean Standard Bible (BSB), the King James Version (KJV), the World English Bible (WEB), the Bible in Basic English (BBE), and the American Standard Version (ASV). Search covers three of them: Berean Standard, King James, and World English. Basic English and American Standard readers search the King James words.

Historical context

The chapter presents instructions for future war, not a report that these particular battles occurred. Its distinction is between cities far away and those of the peoples whose land Israel is to inherit. The peace terms in verses 10–11 are not terms of equal independence: the KJV calls the inhabitants tributaries who serve, and the BBE explicitly describes forced work. The tree rule also has a material reason, preserving food during a siege. Where the KJV's parenthesis calls the tree man's life, the ASV and BBE ask whether trees are human opponents to be besieged.

Cited passages: Deuteronomy 20:10, Deuteronomy 20:11, Deuteronomy 20:12, Deuteronomy 20:13, Deuteronomy 20:14, Deuteronomy 20:15, Deuteronomy 20:16, Deuteronomy 20:17, Deuteronomy 20:18, Deuteronomy 20:19, Deuteronomy 20:20

Literary context

The movement is from the army's fear and unfinished household hopes to the people and resources a siege places under its power. The repeated possibility that another man might enjoy a house, vineyard or marriage makes the exemptions concrete. The chapter then places those limited protections beside commands of lethal conquest. Its closing distinction between food trees and other timber is specific; it does not cancel or soften what the preceding city rules command.

Cited passages: Deuteronomy 20:5, Deuteronomy 20:6, Deuteronomy 20:7, Deuteronomy 20:8, Deuteronomy 20:13, Deuteronomy 20:14, Deuteronomy 20:15, Deuteronomy 20:16, Deuteronomy 20:17, Deuteronomy 20:18, Deuteronomy 20:19, Deuteronomy 20:20

Key moments

  1. Unfinished hopes at home (Deuteronomy 20:5). A man who has built but not dedicated a house is sent home before battle.
  2. Peace with compulsory service (Deuteronomy 20:11). A city that accepts the offer of peace becomes subject to Israel's service requirements.
  3. Nothing that breathes (Deuteronomy 20:16). The command for cities in the inheritance expressly requires destruction of their living inhabitants.
  4. Food trees are spared (Deuteronomy 20:19). The siege rule prohibits cutting the trees from which the army can eat.

For reflection

Read the household exemptions and the commands about conquered people together. Which lives and losses receive attention in each part, and which voices are absent from these instructions?

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