The Torah · Old Testament
Deuteronomy 19
Refuge, boundaries and truthful witnesses
General context
Moses commands three accessible cities of refuge in the land Israel is to possess. His example is a woodcutter whose loose axe head kills a neighbour: an accidental killer without prior hatred needs protection from an avenger acting in anger. A person who kills after hatred and ambush must instead be handed over by the elders to die. Three further cities are conditional on enlarged territory and obedience. The chapter also forbids moving a neighbour's boundary marker, requires two or three witnesses to establish a charge, and directs judges to investigate a suspected false witness. A proven false witness is to receive the penalty he intended for the accused.
Cited passages: Deuteronomy 19:1, Deuteronomy 19:2, Deuteronomy 19:3, Deuteronomy 19:4, Deuteronomy 19:5, Deuteronomy 19:6, Deuteronomy 19:7, Deuteronomy 19:8, Deuteronomy 19:9, Deuteronomy 19:10, Deuteronomy 19:11, Deuteronomy 19:12, Deuteronomy 19:14, Deuteronomy 19:15, Deuteronomy 19:16, Deuteronomy 19:17, Deuteronomy 19:18, Deuteronomy 19:19
Deuteronomy 19 (KJV)
1When the Lord thy God hath cut off the nations, whose land the Lord thy God giveth thee, and thou succeedest them, and dwellest in their cities, and in their houses;
2Thou shalt separate three cities for thee in the midst of thy land, which the Lord thy God giveth thee to possess it.
3Thou shalt prepare thee a way, and divide the coasts of thy land, which the Lord thy God giveth thee to inherit, into three parts, that every slayer may flee thither.
4And this is the case of the slayer, which shall flee thither, that he may live: Whoso killeth his neighbour ignorantly, whom he hated not in time past;
5As when a man goeth into the wood with his neighbour to hew wood, and his hand fetcheth a stroke with the axe to cut down the tree, and the head slippeth from the helve, and lighteth upon his neighbour, that he die; he shall flee unto one of those cities, and live:
6Lest the avenger of the blood pursue the slayer, while his heart is hot, and overtake him, because the way is long, and slay him; whereas he was not worthy of death, inasmuch as he hated him not in time past.
7Wherefore I command thee, saying, Thou shalt separate three cities for thee.
8And if the Lord thy God enlarge thy coast, as he hath sworn unto thy fathers, and give thee all the land which he promised to give unto thy fathers;
9If thou shalt keep all these commandments to do them, which I command thee this day, to love the Lord thy God, and to walk ever in his ways; then shalt thou add three cities more for thee, beside these three:
10That innocent blood be not shed in thy land, which the Lord thy God giveth thee for an inheritance, and so blood be upon thee.
11But if any man hate his neighbour, and lie in wait for him, and rise up against him, and smite him mortally that he die, and fleeth into one of these cities:
12Then the elders of his city shall send and fetch him thence, and deliver him into the hand of the avenger of blood, that he may die.
13Thine eye shall not pity him, but thou shalt put away the guilt of innocent blood from Israel, that it may go well with thee.
14Thou shalt not remove thy neighbour’s landmark, which they of old time have set in thine inheritance, which thou shalt inherit in the land that the Lord thy God giveth thee to possess it.
15One witness shall not rise up against a man for any iniquity, or for any sin, in any sin that he sinneth: at the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall the matter be established.
16If a false witness rise up against any man to testify against him that which is wrong;
17Then both the men, between whom the controversy is, shall stand before the Lord, before the priests and the judges, which shall be in those days;
18And the judges shall make diligent inquisition: and, behold, if the witness be a false witness, and hath testified falsely against his brother;
19Then shall ye do unto him, as he had thought to have done unto his brother: so shalt thou put the evil away from among you.
20And those which remain shall hear, and fear, and shall henceforth commit no more any such evil among you.
21And thine eye shall not pity; but life shall go for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.
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Historical context
These instructions anticipate settled towns, inherited land, roads and local elders. Distance matters: the route to safety must not expose an accidental killer to a pursuing avenger. The additional cities are a conditional provision, not a report that they have already been established. Priests and judges hear the contested accusation before the Lord; the text requires diligent inquiry rather than treating a single allegation as proof. Its closing demand for life for life and injury for injury belongs here to the handling of false testimony and its intended consequences.
Cited passages: Deuteronomy 19:3, Deuteronomy 19:4, Deuteronomy 19:5, Deuteronomy 19:6, Deuteronomy 19:7, Deuteronomy 19:8, Deuteronomy 19:9, Deuteronomy 19:10, Deuteronomy 19:15, Deuteronomy 19:16, Deuteronomy 19:17, Deuteronomy 19:18, Deuteronomy 19:19, Deuteronomy 19:20, Deuteronomy 19:21
Literary context
The chapter distinguishes intent through two concrete scenes: a tool fails during shared work, while an enemy lies in wait to kill. Both can end with flight to the same refuge, so location alone does not settle guilt. Repeated concern for innocent blood connects protection of the accidental killer with punishment of deliberate murder. The final court scene asks what a witness intended to do to another person, extending the chapter's attention to the harm someone means to cause.
Cited passages: Deuteronomy 19:4, Deuteronomy 19:5, Deuteronomy 19:6, Deuteronomy 19:10, Deuteronomy 19:11, Deuteronomy 19:12, Deuteronomy 19:13, Deuteronomy 19:16, Deuteronomy 19:17, Deuteronomy 19:18, Deuteronomy 19:19, Deuteronomy 19:20, Deuteronomy 19:21
Key moments
- An axe head comes loose (Deuteronomy 19:5). A shared woodcutting task becomes the example of unintended killing and the need for reachable refuge.
- Refuge does not erase ambush (Deuteronomy 19:12). The elders must retrieve a deliberate killer from refuge and deliver him to the avenger of blood.
- The witness is investigated (Deuteronomy 19:18). Judges must inquire carefully into an accusation that the witness has testified falsely.
For reflection
The same urgent accusation can conceal very different circumstances. What habits help you distinguish evidence, intent and anger before repeating a claim about someone?