The Early Church · New Testament
Acts 23
Acts 23: the divided council, the plot of forty men, and the night ride to Cesarea
General context
Paul tells the council he has lived in all good conscience before God until this day, and the high priest Ananias commands those by him to smite him on the mouth. Paul calls him a whited wall and says God shall smite him, then says he did not know he was the high priest and quotes the written command not to speak evil of the ruler of the people. Perceiving that one part are Sadducees and the other Pharisees, he cries that he is a Pharisee, the son of a Pharisee, called in question about the hope and resurrection of the dead. Dissension follows; the narrator explains that Sadducees say there is no resurrection, neither angel nor spirit, while Pharisees confess both, and scribes of the Pharisees' part say they find no evil in this man. The chief captain takes him by force into the castle. That night the Lord stands by him and says he must bear witness at Rome as he has at Jerusalem. By day more than forty Jews bind themselves under a curse not to eat or drink until they have killed him, and ask the chief priests to have him brought down as though for further enquiry. Paul's sister's son hears of the ambush and tells Paul and then the chief captain, who charges him to tell no one. The captain readies soldiers, horsemen and spearmen for the third hour of the night and writes a letter, printed in the chapter, from Claudius Lysias to the governor Felix. Paul is brought by night to Antipatris and on to Cesarea, where Felix reads the letter, learns he is of Cilicia, says he will hear him when his accusers come, and commands him kept in Herod's judgment hall.
Cited passages: Acts 23:1, Acts 23:2, Acts 23:3, Acts 23:5, Acts 23:6, Acts 23:7, Acts 23:8, Acts 23:9, Acts 23:10, Acts 23:11, Acts 23:12, Acts 23:13, Acts 23:14, Acts 23:15, Acts 23:16, Acts 23:17, Acts 23:19, Acts 23:20, Acts 23:21, Acts 23:22, Acts 23:23, Acts 23:24, Acts 23:25, Acts 23:26, Acts 23:27, Acts 23:29, Acts 23:30, Acts 23:31, Acts 23:32, Acts 23:33, Acts 23:34, Acts 23:35
Acts 23 (KJV)
1And Paul, earnestly beholding the council, said, Men and brethren, I have lived in all good conscience before God until this day.
2And the high priest Ananias commanded them that stood by him to smite him on the mouth.
3Then said Paul unto him, God shall smite thee, thou whited wall: for sittest thou to judge me after the law, and commandest me to be smitten contrary to the law?
4And they that stood by said, Revilest thou God’s high priest?
5Then said Paul, I wist not, brethren, that he was the high priest: for it is written, Thou shalt not speak evil of the ruler of thy people.
6But when Paul perceived that the one part were Sadducees, and the other Pharisees, he cried out in the council, Men and brethren, I am a Pharisee, the son of a Pharisee: of the hope and resurrection of the dead I am called in question.
7And when he had so said, there arose a dissension between the Pharisees and the Sadducees: and the multitude was divided.
8For the Sadducees say that there is no resurrection, neither angel, nor spirit: but the Pharisees confess both.
9And there arose a great cry: and the scribes that were of the Pharisees’ part arose, and strove, saying, We find no evil in this man: but if a spirit or an angel hath spoken to him, let us not fight against God.
10And when there arose a great dissension, the chief captain, fearing lest Paul should have been pulled in pieces of them, commanded the soldiers to go down, and to take him by force from among them, and to bring him into the castle.
11And the night following the Lord stood by him, and said, Be of good cheer, Paul: for as thou hast testified of me in Jerusalem, so must thou bear witness also at Rome.
12And when it was day, certain of the Jews banded together, and bound themselves under a curse, saying that they would neither eat nor drink till they had killed Paul.
13And they were more than forty which had made this conspiracy.
14And they came to the chief priests and elders, and said, We have bound ourselves under a great curse, that we will eat nothing until we have slain Paul.
15Now therefore ye with the council signify to the chief captain that he bring him down unto you to morrow, as though ye would enquire something more perfectly concerning him: and we, or ever he come near, are ready to kill him.
16And when Paul’s sister’s son heard of their lying in wait, he went and entered into the castle, and told Paul.
17Then Paul called one of the centurions unto him, and said, Bring this young man unto the chief captain: for he hath a certain thing to tell him.
18So he took him, and brought him to the chief captain, and said, Paul the prisoner called me unto him, and prayed me to bring this young man unto thee, who hath something to say unto thee.
19Then the chief captain took him by the hand, and went with him aside privately, and asked him, What is that thou hast to tell me?
20And he said, The Jews have agreed to desire thee that thou wouldest bring down Paul to morrow into the council, as though they would enquire somewhat of him more perfectly.
21But do not thou yield unto them: for there lie in wait for him of them more than forty men, which have bound themselves with an oath, that they will neither eat nor drink till they have killed him: and now are they ready, looking for a promise from thee.
22So the chief captain then let the young man depart, and charged him, See thou tell no man that thou hast shewed these things to me.
23And he called unto him two centurions, saying, Make ready two hundred soldiers to go to Cæsarea, and horsemen threescore and ten, and spearmen two hundred, at the third hour of the night;
24And provide them beasts, that they may set Paul on, and bring him safe unto Felix the governor.
25And he wrote a letter after this manner:
26Claudius Lysias unto the most excellent governor Felix sendeth greeting.
27This man was taken of the Jews, and should have been killed of them: then came I with an army, and rescued him, having understood that he was a Roman.
28And when I would have known the cause wherefore they accused him, I brought him forth into their council:
29Whom I perceived to be accused of questions of their law, but to have nothing laid to his charge worthy of death or of bonds.
30And when it was told me how that the Jews laid wait for the man, I sent straightway to thee, and gave commandment to his accusers also to say before thee what they had against him. Farewell.
31Then the soldiers, as it was commanded them, took Paul, and brought him by night to Antipatris.
32On the morrow they left the horsemen to go with him, and returned to the castle:
33Who, when they came to Cæsarea, and delivered the epistle to the governor, presented Paul also before him.
34And when the governor had read the letter, he asked of what province he was. And when he understood that he was of Cilicia;
35I will hear thee, said he, when thine accusers are also come. And he commanded him to be kept in Herod’s judgment hall.
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Historical context
The letter is the only place in the account where the chief captain is named Claudius Lysias. Its summary differs from the narrated events on one point: Lysias writes that he came with an army and rescued Paul having understood that he was a Roman, while the narrative has him learn of the citizenship afterward, when Paul was already bound and about to be scourged. Ananias here is the high priest, a different man from the Ananias of Damascus in the previous chapter. Paul's statement that he did not know the speaker was the high priest is his own, and the chapter offers no explanation of it. The young man who reports the plot is identified only as Paul's sister's son and is not named, and nothing further is said of him. The narrator gives the Sadducee and Pharisee positions on resurrection, angels and spirits as an explanation of the dissension. Numbers are supplied for the conspirators and the escort; no dates are given.
Cited passages: Acts 23:2, Acts 23:5, Acts 23:8, Acts 23:12, Acts 23:13, Acts 23:16, Acts 23:23, Acts 23:26, Acts 23:27, Acts 23:29, Acts 22:12, Acts 22:24, Acts 22:29
Literary context
Every hearing in this chapter breaks off before it reaches a judgment. The council splits when Paul names the point at issue, the plot is undone by a report, and the letter hands the case to another court. The plotters' pretext and the nephew's report use the same phrase about enquiring more perfectly, so the reader hears the lie twice, once as it was designed and once as it was exposed. The night vision sits between the failed hearing and the plot and states the destination the rest of the book moves toward. Numbers carry the contrast: more than forty men who will not eat set against four hundred and seventy armed men moving at the third hour of the night.
Cited passages: Acts 23:6, Acts 23:7, Acts 23:9, Acts 23:10, Acts 23:11, Acts 23:12, Acts 23:13, Acts 23:15, Acts 23:20, Acts 23:21, Acts 23:23, Acts 23:30, Acts 23:35
Key moments
- Smitten on the mouth (Acts 23:2). The high priest Ananias commands those standing by to smite Paul on the mouth.
- The council divided (Acts 23:6). Paul cries that he is a Pharisee called in question over the resurrection of the dead.
- The Lord stands by him (Acts 23:11). Paul is told he must bear witness at Rome as he has at Jerusalem.
- Forty under a curse (Acts 23:12). More than forty men bind themselves not to eat or drink until they have killed Paul.
- The nephew's report (Acts 23:16). Paul's sister's son hears of the ambush and enters the castle to tell him.
- The escort ordered (Acts 23:23). The chief captain readies soldiers, horsemen and spearmen for the third hour of the night.
- The letter to Felix (Acts 23:26). Claudius Lysias sends a written greeting and account to the governor Felix.
For reflection
Claudius Lysias writes that he rescued Paul having understood that he was a Roman, though the account places that discovery after the rescue. What happens to a case when the official record of it is written by one of the parties?
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