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The Histories · Old Testament

2 Kings 4

2 Kings 4: the widow's oil, the Shunammite's son, and bread for a hundred

General context

A widow of one of the sons of the prophets tells Elisha that a creditor is coming to take her two sons as bondmen. She has only a pot of oil; at his word she borrows empty vessels, shuts the door and pours until no vessel is left, then sells the oil to pay the debt. At Shunem a woman the narrator calls great feeds Elisha whenever he passes and has a walled chamber built for him. Through Gehazi, Elisha offers to speak for her to the king or the captain, and she declines; Gehazi notes she has no child and her husband is old, and Elisha promises a son at that season, according to the time of life. The son is born, grows, complains of his head among the reapers and dies on his mother's knees at noon. She lays him on the prophet's bed, tells her husband only that it will be well, and rides to Carmel. She grips Elisha's feet, and he says the Lord has hidden the matter from him. Gehazi is sent ahead with the staff and lays it on the child's face without result. Elisha shuts the door, prays, stretches himself on the child twice, and the child sneezes seven times and opens his eyes. At Gilgal during a dearth, wild gourds make a pot of pottage deadly; Elisha adds meal and the harm is gone. A man from Baal-shalisha brings twenty barley loaves, and a hundred men eat and leave some, according to the word of the Lord.

Cited passages: 2 Kings 4:1, 2 Kings 4:2, 2 Kings 4:3, 2 Kings 4:6, 2 Kings 4:7, 2 Kings 4:8, 2 Kings 4:10, 2 Kings 4:13, 2 Kings 4:14, 2 Kings 4:16, 2 Kings 4:19, 2 Kings 4:20, 2 Kings 4:21, 2 Kings 4:23, 2 Kings 4:27, 2 Kings 4:29, 2 Kings 4:31, 2 Kings 4:33, 2 Kings 4:35, 2 Kings 4:36, 2 Kings 4:38, 2 Kings 4:40, 2 Kings 4:41, 2 Kings 4:42, 2 Kings 4:44

2 Kings 4 (KJV)

1Now there cried a certain woman of the wives of the sons of the prophets unto Elisha, saying, Thy servant my husband is dead; and thou knowest that thy servant did fear the Lord: and the creditor is come to take unto him my two sons to be bondmen.

2And Elisha said unto her, What shall I do for thee? tell me, what hast thou in the house? And she said, Thine handmaid hath not any thing in the house, save a pot of oil.

3Then he said, Go, borrow thee vessels abroad of all thy neighbours, even empty vessels; borrow not a few.

4And when thou art come in, thou shalt shut the door upon thee and upon thy sons, and shalt pour out into all those vessels, and thou shalt set aside that which is full.

5So she went from him, and shut the door upon her and upon her sons, who brought the vessels to her; and she poured out.

6And it came to pass, when the vessels were full, that she said unto her son, Bring me yet a vessel. And he said unto her, There is not a vessel more. And the oil stayed.

7Then she came and told the man of God. And he said, Go, sell the oil, and pay thy debt, and live thou and thy children of the rest.

8And it fell on a day, that Elisha passed to Shunem, where was a great woman; and she constrained him to eat bread. And so it was, that as oft as he passed by, he turned in thither to eat bread.

9And she said unto her husband, Behold now, I perceive that this is an holy man of God, which passeth by us continually.

10Let us make a little chamber, I pray thee, on the wall; and let us set for him there a bed, and a table, and a stool, and a candlestick: and it shall be, when he cometh to us, that he shall turn in thither.

11And it fell on a day, that he came thither, and he turned into the chamber, and lay there.

12And he said to Gehazi his servant, Call this Shunammite. And when he had called her, she stood before him.

13And he said unto him, Say now unto her, Behold, thou hast been careful for us with all this care; what is to be done for thee? wouldest thou be spoken for to the king, or to the captain of the host? And she answered, I dwell among mine own people.

14And he said, What then is to be done for her? And Gehazi answered, Verily she hath no child, and her husband is old.

15And he said, Call her. And when he had called her, she stood in the door.

16And he said, About this season, according to the time of life, thou shalt embrace a son. And she said, Nay, my lord, thou man of God, do not lie unto thine handmaid.

17And the woman conceived, and bare a son at that season that Elisha had said unto her, according to the time of life.

18And when the child was grown, it fell on a day, that he went out to his father to the reapers.

19And he said unto his father, My head, my head. And he said to a lad, Carry him to his mother.

20And when he had taken him, and brought him to his mother, he sat on her knees till noon, and then died.

21And she went up, and laid him on the bed of the man of God, and shut the door upon him, and went out.

22And she called unto her husband, and said, Send me, I pray thee, one of the young men, and one of the asses, that I may run to the man of God, and come again.

23And he said, Wherefore wilt thou go to him to day? it is neither new moon, nor sabbath. And she said, It shall be well.

24Then she saddled an ass, and said to her servant, Drive, and go forward; slack not thy riding for me, except I bid thee.

25So she went and came unto the man of God to mount Carmel. And it came to pass, when the man of God saw her afar off, that he said to Gehazi his servant, Behold, yonder is that Shunammite:

26Run now, I pray thee, to meet her, and say unto her, Is it well with thee? is it well with thy husband? is it well with the child? And she answered, It is well.

27And when she came to the man of God to the hill, she caught him by the feet: but Gehazi came near to thrust her away. And the man of God said, Let her alone; for her soul is vexed within her: and the Lord hath hid it from me, and hath not told me.

28Then she said, Did I desire a son of my lord? did I not say, Do not deceive me?

29Then he said to Gehazi, Gird up thy loins, and take my staff in thine hand, and go thy way: if thou meet any man, salute him not; and if any salute thee, answer him not again: and lay my staff upon the face of the child.

30And the mother of the child said, As the Lord liveth, and as thy soul liveth, I will not leave thee. And he arose, and followed her.

31And Gehazi passed on before them, and laid the staff upon the face of the child; but there was neither voice, nor hearing. Wherefore he went again to meet him, and told him, saying, The child is not awaked.

32And when Elisha was come into the house, behold, the child was dead, and laid upon his bed.

33He went in therefore, and shut the door upon them twain, and prayed unto the Lord.

34And he went up, and lay upon the child, and put his mouth upon his mouth, and his eyes upon his eyes, and his hands upon his hands: and he stretched himself upon the child; and the flesh of the child waxed warm.

35Then he returned, and walked in the house to and fro; and went up, and stretched himself upon him: and the child sneezed seven times, and the child opened his eyes.

36And he called Gehazi, and said, Call this Shunammite. So he called her. And when she was come in unto him, he said, Take up thy son.

37Then she went in, and fell at his feet, and bowed herself to the ground, and took up her son, and went out.

38And Elisha came again to Gilgal: and there was a dearth in the land; and the sons of the prophets were sitting before him: and he said unto his servant, Set on the great pot, and seethe pottage for the sons of the prophets.

39And one went out into the field to gather herbs, and found a wild vine, and gathered thereof wild gourds his lap full, and came and shred them into the pot of pottage: for they knew them not.

40So they poured out for the men to eat. And it came to pass, as they were eating of the pottage, that they cried out, and said, O thou man of God, there is death in the pot. And they could not eat thereof.

41But he said, Then bring meal. And he cast it into the pot; and he said, Pour out for the people, that they may eat. And there was no harm in the pot.

42And there came a man from Baal-shalisha, and brought the man of God bread of the firstfruits, twenty loaves of barley, and full ears of corn in the husk thereof. And he said, Give unto the people, that they may eat.

43And his servitor said, What, should I set this before an hundred men? He said again, Give the people, that they may eat: for thus saith the Lord, They shall eat, and shall leave thereof.

44So he set it before them, and they did eat, and left thereof, according to the word of the Lord.

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Historical context

Gehazi is first named in this chapter, as "his servant"; the man who serves the loaves at the end is called only "his servitor", and the text does not say whether he is Gehazi. The woman of Shunem is never named; she is "a great woman" and "this Shunammite", and her husband is unnamed; Gehazi is the one who calls him old. The widow's dead husband is unnamed and identified as one of the sons of the prophets who feared the Lord, on her word. The narrator lets Elisha's knowledge be limited: he says the Lord has hidden the child's death from him. The staff laid on the child's face produces "neither voice, nor hearing", and the text gives no reason for its failure. The child's death is stated flatly, on his mother's knees at noon, and his illness is described only through his cry. Places named are Shunem, mount Carmel, Gilgal and Baal-shalisha. The servitor's "an hundred men" is the chapter's only count of the sons of the prophets. The Shunammite returns in 2 Kings 8:1 as "the woman, whose son he had restored to life", so this chapter is not the end of her story.

Cited passages: 2 Kings 4:12, 2 Kings 4:43, 2 Kings 4:8, 2 Kings 4:14, 2 Kings 4:1, 2 Kings 4:27, 2 Kings 4:31, 2 Kings 4:20, 2 Kings 4:19, 2 Kings 4:25, 2 Kings 4:38, 2 Kings 4:42, 2 Kings 8:1

Literary context

The chapter strings together household needs, each answered through an ordinary object: a pot of oil, a bed in a walled chamber, a staff, a cooking pot, barley loaves. Elisha's questions recur, "What shall I do for thee?" and "What then is to be done for her?" Shut doors mark the turning points: the widow pours behind a closed door, the mother shuts the door on her dead son, and Elisha shuts the door before he prays. The Shunammite's words track her story. Her warning "do not lie unto thine handmaid" comes back as "did I not say, Do not deceive me?", and her oath that she will not leave Elisha uses the words Elisha himself spoke to Elijah in chapter 2. The staff sent ahead accomplishes nothing, while the prophet's own body on the child brings warmth, sneezing and open eyes, a contrast the narrator draws without explaining. The last two scenes pair a pot with "death" in it against bread that feeds a hundred with some left over, and the closing phrase ties the meal to the Lord's word.

Cited passages: 2 Kings 4:2, 2 Kings 4:14, 2 Kings 4:5, 2 Kings 4:21, 2 Kings 4:33, 2 Kings 4:16, 2 Kings 4:28, 2 Kings 4:30, 2 Kings 2:2, 2 Kings 4:31, 2 Kings 4:34, 2 Kings 4:40, 2 Kings 4:43, 2 Kings 4:44

Key moments

  1. The oil stops with the last vessel (2 Kings 4:6). The widow pours until no vessel remains, and the oil stays.
  2. A chamber on the wall (2 Kings 4:10). The Shunammite and her husband furnish a room for Elisha with bed, table, stool and candlestick.
  3. A son promised (2 Kings 4:16). Elisha tells the Shunammite she will embrace a son, and she asks him not to lie to her.
  4. The child dies at noon (2 Kings 4:20). The boy is carried to his mother and dies on her knees.
  5. The Lord hid it from me (2 Kings 4:27). The mother grips Elisha's feet, and he admits the Lord has not told him what is wrong.
  6. The child opens his eyes (2 Kings 4:35). After Elisha stretches himself on the boy a second time, the child sneezes seven times and wakes.
  7. Death in the pot (2 Kings 4:40). The sons of the prophets cry out that the pottage is deadly, and Elisha answers with meal.

For reflection

The Shunammite answers "It shall be well" and "It is well" while her son lies dead on the prophet's bed. What might the narrator be showing by letting her words and her situation stand so far apart until she reaches Elisha?

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