The Histories · Old Testament
1 Kings 3
Wisdom for the work of judgment
General context
Solomon asks for an understanding heart so that he can judge the people and distinguish good from bad. In the dream at Gibeon, God grants wisdom as well as riches and honour, while length of days is linked to obedience. The next scene tests royal judgment through two women who each claim the same living child. Solomon calls for the child to be divided, hears their different responses, then orders that the child be kept alive and given to its mother. Israel hears of the judgment and recognizes divine wisdom in the king.
Cited passages: 1 Kings 3:5, 1 Kings 3:9, 1 Kings 3:10, 1 Kings 3:11, 1 Kings 3:12, 1 Kings 3:13, 1 Kings 3:14, 1 Kings 3:16, 1 Kings 3:22, 1 Kings 3:24, 1 Kings 3:25, 1 Kings 3:26, 1 Kings 3:27, 1 Kings 3:28
1 Kings 3 (KJV)
1And Solomon made affinity with Pharaoh king of Egypt, and took Pharaoh’s daughter, and brought her into the city of David, until he had made an end of building his own house, and the house of the Lord, and the wall of Jerusalem round about.
2Only the people sacrificed in high places, because there was no house built unto the name of the Lord, until those days.
3And Solomon loved the Lord, walking in the statutes of David his father: only he sacrificed and burnt incense in high places.
4And the king went to Gibeon to sacrifice there; for that was the great high place: a thousand burnt offerings did Solomon offer upon that altar.
5In Gibeon the Lord appeared to Solomon in a dream by night: and God said, Ask what I shall give thee.
6And Solomon said, Thou hast shewed unto thy servant David my father great mercy, according as he walked before thee in truth, and in righteousness, and in uprightness of heart with thee; and thou hast kept for him this great kindness, that thou hast given him a son to sit on his throne, as it is this day.
7And now, O Lord my God, thou hast made thy servant king instead of David my father: and I am but a little child: I know not how to go out or come in.
8And thy servant is in the midst of thy people which thou hast chosen, a great people, that cannot be numbered nor counted for multitude.
9Give therefore thy servant an understanding heart to judge thy people, that I may discern between good and bad: for who is able to judge this thy so great a people?
10And the speech pleased the Lord, that Solomon had asked this thing.
11And God said unto him, Because thou hast asked this thing, and hast not asked for thyself long life; neither hast asked riches for thyself, nor hast asked the life of thine enemies; but hast asked for thyself understanding to discern judgment;
12Behold, I have done according to thy words: lo, I have given thee a wise and an understanding heart; so that there was none like thee before thee, neither after thee shall any arise like unto thee.
13And I have also given thee that which thou hast not asked, both riches, and honour: so that there shall not be any among the kings like unto thee all thy days.
14And if thou wilt walk in my ways, to keep my statutes and my commandments, as thy father David did walk, then I will lengthen thy days.
15And Solomon awoke; and, behold, it was a dream. And he came to Jerusalem, and stood before the ark of the covenant of the Lord, and offered up burnt offerings, and offered peace offerings, and made a feast to all his servants.
16Then came there two women, that were harlots, unto the king, and stood before him.
17And the one woman said, O my lord, I and this woman dwell in one house; and I was delivered of a child with her in the house.
18And it came to pass the third day after that I was delivered, that this woman was delivered also: and we were together; there was no stranger with us in the house, save we two in the house.
19And this woman’s child died in the night; because she overlaid it.
20And she arose at midnight, and took my son from beside me, while thine handmaid slept, and laid it in her bosom, and laid her dead child in my bosom.
21And when I rose in the morning to give my child suck, behold, it was dead: but when I had considered it in the morning, behold, it was not my son, which I did bear.
22And the other woman said, Nay; but the living is my son, and the dead is thy son. And this said, No; but the dead is thy son, and the living is my son. Thus they spake before the king.
23Then said the king, The one saith, This is my son that liveth, and thy son is the dead: and the other saith, Nay; but thy son is the dead, and my son is the living.
24And the king said, Bring me a sword. And they brought a sword before the king.
25And the king said, Divide the living child in two, and give half to the one, and half to the other.
26Then spake the woman whose the living child was unto the king, for her bowels yearned upon her son, and she said, O my lord, give her the living child, and in no wise slay it. But the other said, Let it be neither mine nor thine, but divide it.
27Then the king answered and said, Give her the living child, and in no wise slay it: she is the mother thereof.
28And all Israel heard of the judgment which the king had judged; and they feared the king: for they saw that the wisdom of God was in him, to do judgment.
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Historical context
The narrative places Solomon on David's throne and describes his marriage to Pharaoh's daughter. The temple has not yet been built, and sacrifice at the high places forms part of the chapter's setting. Solomon's dream occurs at Gibeon; afterward he goes to Jerusalem and stands before the ark. Two unnamed women, described by the narrator as prostitutes, then bring their dispute directly to the king. Solomon calls himself a little child when asking for help, but this chapter does not give his numerical age.
Cited passages: 1 Kings 3:1, 1 Kings 3:2, 1 Kings 3:3, 1 Kings 3:4, 1 Kings 3:5, 1 Kings 3:6, 1 Kings 3:7, 1 Kings 3:15, 1 Kings 3:16
Literary context
The dream's promise of wisdom is followed by a case that shows judgment in action. The women give competing claims, and the king restates their dispute before calling for a sword. Their contrasting responses to his order bring the story to its turning point: the mother asks that the other woman receive the child rather than see it killed. The final report of Israel's response connects this decision with the wisdom requested earlier. Solomon's final order preserves the child and rejects the threatened division.
Cited passages: 1 Kings 3:9, 1 Kings 3:12, 1 Kings 3:17, 1 Kings 3:20, 1 Kings 3:22, 1 Kings 3:23, 1 Kings 3:24, 1 Kings 3:25, 1 Kings 3:26, 1 Kings 3:27, 1 Kings 3:28
Key moments
- Ask for understanding (1 Kings 3:9). Solomon asks for discernment to judge the people and distinguish good from bad.
- Wisdom is granted (1 Kings 3:12). God answers the request with a wise and understanding heart.
- The mother asks for life (1 Kings 3:26). The mother asks that the living child be given to the other woman rather than killed.
- The child is preserved (1 Kings 3:27). Solomon identifies the mother and orders that she receive the living child.
For reflection
How does the dispute over the child show what an understanding heart must discern?
People in this chapter
Also indexed here:
- Daughter of Pharaoh
- Pharaoh