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The Histories · Old Testament

Judges 21

Preserving Benjamin through further killing and abduction

General context

Israel mourns the danger that Benjamin will disappear, but an oath prevents the men from giving their daughters as wives to its survivors. Another oath requires death for those who failed to join the assembly. When Jabesh-gilead is found absent, the congregation sends twelve thousand men with orders to kill its inhabitants, including women and children, sparing young women who have not had sexual relations. Four hundred are brought to Shiloh and given to the surviving Benjaminites after an offer of peace, but they are not enough. The elders then instruct the remaining men to seize women who dance at Shiloh's annual feast. They prepare an answer for protesting fathers or brothers: the families did not give the women and so have not broken the oath. The men carry out the abductions, return to Benjamin and rebuild their towns. The other Israelites return to their inheritances. The book closes with no king in Israel and each person doing what is right in their own eyes.

Cited passages: Judges 21:1, Judges 21:2, Judges 21:3, Judges 21:4, Judges 21:5, Judges 21:6, Judges 21:7, Judges 21:8, Judges 21:9, Judges 21:10, Judges 21:11, Judges 21:12, Judges 21:13, Judges 21:14, Judges 21:15, Judges 21:16, Judges 21:17, Judges 21:18, Judges 21:19, Judges 21:20, Judges 21:21, Judges 21:22, Judges 21:23, Judges 21:24, Judges 21:25

Judges 21 (KJV)

1Now the men of Israel had sworn in Mizpeh, saying, There shall not any of us give his daughter unto Benjamin to wife.

2And the people came to the house of God, and abode there till even before God, and lifted up their voices, and wept sore;

3And said, O Lord God of Israel, why is this come to pass in Israel, that there should be to day one tribe lacking in Israel?

4And it came to pass on the morrow, that the people rose early, and built there an altar, and offered burnt offerings and peace offerings.

5And the children of Israel said, Who is there among all the tribes of Israel that came not up with the congregation unto the Lord? For they had made a great oath concerning him that came not up to the Lord to Mizpeh, saying, He shall surely be put to death.

6And the children of Israel repented them for Benjamin their brother, and said, There is one tribe cut off from Israel this day.

7How shall we do for wives for them that remain, seeing we have sworn by the Lord that we will not give them of our daughters to wives?

8And they said, What one is there of the tribes of Israel that came not up to Mizpeh to the Lord? And, behold, there came none to the camp from Jabesh-gilead to the assembly.

9For the people were numbered, and, behold, there were none of the inhabitants of Jabesh-gilead there.

10And the congregation sent thither twelve thousand men of the valiantest, and commanded them, saying, Go and smite the inhabitants of Jabesh-gilead with the edge of the sword, with the women and the children.

11And this is the thing that ye shall do, Ye shall utterly destroy every male, and every woman that hath lain by man.

12And they found among the inhabitants of Jabesh-gilead four hundred young virgins, that had known no man by lying with any male: and they brought them unto the camp to Shiloh, which is in the land of Canaan.

13And the whole congregation sent some to speak to the children of Benjamin that were in the rock Rimmon, and to call peaceably unto them.

14And Benjamin came again at that time; and they gave them wives which they had saved alive of the women of Jabesh-gilead: and yet so they sufficed them not.

15And the people repented them for Benjamin, because that the Lord had made a breach in the tribes of Israel.

16Then the elders of the congregation said, How shall we do for wives for them that remain, seeing the women are destroyed out of Benjamin?

17And they said, There must be an inheritance for them that be escaped of Benjamin, that a tribe be not destroyed out of Israel.

18Howbeit we may not give them wives of our daughters: for the children of Israel have sworn, saying, Cursed be he that giveth a wife to Benjamin.

19Then they said, Behold, there is a feast of the Lord in Shiloh yearly in a place which is on the north side of Beth-el, on the east side of the highway that goeth up from Beth-el to Shechem, and on the south of Lebonah.

20Therefore they commanded the children of Benjamin, saying, Go and lie in wait in the vineyards;

21And see, and, behold, if the daughters of Shiloh come out to dance in dances, then come ye out of the vineyards, and catch you every man his wife of the daughters of Shiloh, and go to the land of Benjamin.

22And it shall be, when their fathers or their brethren come unto us to complain, that we will say unto them, Be favourable unto them for our sakes: because we reserved not to each man his wife in the war: for ye did not give unto them at this time, that ye should be guilty.

23And the children of Benjamin did so, and took them wives, according to their number, of them that danced, whom they caught: and they went and returned unto their inheritance, and repaired the cities, and dwelt in them.

24And the children of Israel departed thence at that time, every man to his tribe and to his family, and they went out from thence every man to his inheritance.

25In those days there was no king in Israel: every man did that which was right in his own eyes.

This page shows the King James Version. In the app, reading opens in the Berean Standard Bible unless you have chosen another translation. The reader includes five translations: the Berean Standard Bible (BSB), the King James Version (KJV), the World English Bible (WEB), the Bible in Basic English (BBE), and the American Standard Version (ASV). Search covers three of them: Berean Standard, King James, and World English. Basic English and American Standard readers search the King James words.

Historical context

The marriage oath and the oath against absence are reported as commitments made by the assembly. The killing orders come from the congregation, and the abduction plan from its elders; the chapter records no divine instruction for either. The women spared at Jabesh-gilead are selected by sexual inexperience, with four hundred explicitly stated. The number later seized at Shiloh is not given. The annual feast's location is described relative to Bethel, Shechem and Lebonah, but no specific festival name is supplied. Verse 23 describes taking the dancers, with BBE explicitly saying by force. The elders' distinction between giving and taking explains their oath argument, not the women's consent, which is not recorded.

Cited passages: Judges 21:1, Judges 21:2, Judges 21:3, Judges 21:4, Judges 21:5, Judges 21:6, Judges 21:7, Judges 21:8, Judges 21:9, Judges 21:10, Judges 21:11, Judges 21:12, Judges 21:16, Judges 21:17, Judges 21:18, Judges 21:19, Judges 21:20, Judges 21:21, Judges 21:22, Judges 21:23, Judges 21:24, Judges 21:25

Literary context

Concern for the survival of a brother tribe produces further victims. The assembly repeatedly returns to its own oaths while devising ways to obtain women from elsewhere. Anticipated protests from fathers and brothers are answered in advance, but the women's voices are absent. Return to inheritance and rebuilt towns gives the action a practical conclusion; the repeated no-king/right-in-own-eyes statement closes the book without presenting these arrangements as an uncomplicated repair.

Cited passages: Judges 21:1, Judges 21:2, Judges 21:3, Judges 21:4, Judges 21:5, Judges 21:6, Judges 21:7, Judges 21:8, Judges 21:9, Judges 21:10, Judges 21:11, Judges 21:12, Judges 21:13, Judges 21:14, Judges 21:15, Judges 21:16, Judges 21:17, Judges 21:18, Judges 21:19, Judges 21:20, Judges 21:21, Judges 21:22, Judges 21:23, Judges 21:24, Judges 21:25

Key moments

  1. The marriage oath creates the dilemma (Judges 21:7). The people ask how to provide wives after swearing not to give their daughters.
  2. The order against Jabesh-gilead (Judges 21:10). The congregation orders an assault that expressly includes women and children.
  3. Dancers are to be seized (Judges 21:21). The elders instruct Benjamin's men to take women from the feast at Shiloh.
  4. The book's closing judgment (Judges 21:25). The narrator repeats that there was no king and each person did what was right in their own eyes.

For reflection

The elders protect the wording of an oath while arranging for women to be taken. Whose wellbeing can be overlooked when keeping a rule's wording becomes the main measure of a decision?

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