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The Histories · Old Testament

Judges 11

Jephthah's leadership, victory and vow concerning his daughter

General context

Jephthah, Gilead's son by a woman called a harlot, is expelled from his father's household by his brothers. He settles in Tob, where men gather around him. When Ammon makes war, Gilead's elders ask him to command; he challenges their earlier rejection and secures their agreement to make him head. Before fighting, he exchanges messages with Ammon's king. The king claims land between the Arnon, Jabbok and Jordan. Jephthah disputes the claim through an account of Israel's route, Sihon's attack, the Lord's grant and three hundred years of occupation. The king refuses his argument. The Lord's Spirit comes upon Jephthah before he makes a vow promising a burnt offering of what comes out of his house to meet him if he returns victorious. The Lord gives him victory. His only child, an unnamed daughter, comes out celebrating. Jephthah laments and says he cannot withdraw his words. She asks for two months to mourn her virginity with companions, then returns. The narrator says he does with her according to his vow and that she had known no man. An annual four-day observance for her closes the account.

Cited passages: Judges 11:1, Judges 11:2, Judges 11:3, Judges 11:4, Judges 11:5, Judges 11:6, Judges 11:7, Judges 11:8, Judges 11:9, Judges 11:10, Judges 11:11, Judges 11:12, Judges 11:13, Judges 11:14, Judges 11:15, Judges 11:16, Judges 11:17, Judges 11:18, Judges 11:19, Judges 11:20, Judges 11:21, Judges 11:22, Judges 11:23, Judges 11:24, Judges 11:25, Judges 11:26, Judges 11:27, Judges 11:28, Judges 11:29, Judges 11:30, Judges 11:31, Judges 11:32, Judges 11:33, Judges 11:34, Judges 11:35, Judges 11:36, Judges 11:37, Judges 11:38, Judges 11:39, Judges 11:40

Judges 11 (KJV)

1Now Jephthah the Gileadite was a mighty man of valour, and he was the son of an harlot: and Gilead begat Jephthah.

2And Gilead’s wife bare him sons; and his wife’s sons grew up, and they thrust out Jephthah, and said unto him, Thou shalt not inherit in our father’s house; for thou art the son of a strange woman.

3Then Jephthah fled from his brethren, and dwelt in the land of Tob: and there were gathered vain men to Jephthah, and went out with him.

4And it came to pass in process of time, that the children of Ammon made war against Israel.

5And it was so, that when the children of Ammon made war against Israel, the elders of Gilead went to fetch Jephthah out of the land of Tob:

6And they said unto Jephthah, Come, and be our captain, that we may fight with the children of Ammon.

7And Jephthah said unto the elders of Gilead, Did not ye hate me, and expel me out of my father’s house? and why are ye come unto me now when ye are in distress?

8And the elders of Gilead said unto Jephthah, Therefore we turn again to thee now, that thou mayest go with us, and fight against the children of Ammon, and be our head over all the inhabitants of Gilead.

9And Jephthah said unto the elders of Gilead, If ye bring me home again to fight against the children of Ammon, and the Lord deliver them before me, shall I be your head?

10And the elders of Gilead said unto Jephthah, The Lord be witness between us, if we do not so according to thy words.

11Then Jephthah went with the elders of Gilead, and the people made him head and captain over them: and Jephthah uttered all his words before the Lord in Mizpeh.

12And Jephthah sent messengers unto the king of the children of Ammon, saying, What hast thou to do with me, that thou art come against me to fight in my land?

13And the king of the children of Ammon answered unto the messengers of Jephthah, Because Israel took away my land, when they came up out of Egypt, from Arnon even unto Jabbok, and unto Jordan: now therefore restore those lands again peaceably.

14And Jephthah sent messengers again unto the king of the children of Ammon:

15And said unto him, Thus saith Jephthah, Israel took not away the land of Moab, nor the land of the children of Ammon:

16But when Israel came up from Egypt, and walked through the wilderness unto the Red sea, and came to Kadesh;

17Then Israel sent messengers unto the king of Edom, saying, Let me, I pray thee, pass through thy land: but the king of Edom would not hearken thereto. And in like manner they sent unto the king of Moab: but he would not consent: and Israel abode in Kadesh.

18Then they went along through the wilderness, and compassed the land of Edom, and the land of Moab, and came by the east side of the land of Moab, and pitched on the other side of Arnon, but came not within the border of Moab: for Arnon was the border of Moab.

19And Israel sent messengers unto Sihon king of the Amorites, the king of Heshbon; and Israel said unto him, Let us pass, we pray thee, through thy land into my place.

20But Sihon trusted not Israel to pass through his coast: but Sihon gathered all his people together, and pitched in Jahaz, and fought against Israel.

21And the Lord God of Israel delivered Sihon and all his people into the hand of Israel, and they smote them: so Israel possessed all the land of the Amorites, the inhabitants of that country.

22And they possessed all the coasts of the Amorites, from Arnon even unto Jabbok, and from the wilderness even unto Jordan.

23So now the Lord God of Israel hath dispossessed the Amorites from before his people Israel, and shouldest thou possess it?

24Wilt not thou possess that which Chemosh thy god giveth thee to possess? So whomsoever the Lord our God shall drive out from before us, them will we possess.

25And now art thou any thing better than Balak the son of Zippor, king of Moab? did he ever strive against Israel, or did he ever fight against them,

26While Israel dwelt in Heshbon and her towns, and in Aroer and her towns, and in all the cities that be along by the coasts of Arnon, three hundred years? why therefore did ye not recover them within that time?

27Wherefore I have not sinned against thee, but thou doest me wrong to war against me: the Lord the Judge be judge this day between the children of Israel and the children of Ammon.

28Howbeit the king of the children of Ammon hearkened not unto the words of Jephthah which he sent him.

29Then the Spirit of the Lord came upon Jephthah, and he passed over Gilead, and Manasseh, and passed over Mizpeh of Gilead, and from Mizpeh of Gilead he passed over unto the children of Ammon.

30And Jephthah vowed a vow unto the Lord, and said, If thou shalt without fail deliver the children of Ammon into mine hands,

31Then it shall be, that whatsoever cometh forth of the doors of my house to meet me, when I return in peace from the children of Ammon, shall surely be the Lord’s, and I will offer it up for a burnt offering.

32So Jephthah passed over unto the children of Ammon to fight against them; and the Lord delivered them into his hands.

33And he smote them from Aroer, even till thou come to Minnith, even twenty cities, and unto the plain of the vineyards, with a very great slaughter. Thus the children of Ammon were subdued before the children of Israel.

34And Jephthah came to Mizpeh unto his house, and, behold, his daughter came out to meet him with timbrels and with dances: and she was his only child; beside her he had neither son nor daughter.

35And it came to pass, when he saw her, that he rent his clothes, and said, Alas, my daughter! thou hast brought me very low, and thou art one of them that trouble me: for I have opened my mouth unto the Lord, and I cannot go back.

36And she said unto him, My father, if thou hast opened thy mouth unto the Lord, do to me according to that which hath proceeded out of thy mouth; forasmuch as the Lord hath taken vengeance for thee of thine enemies, even of the children of Ammon.

37And she said unto her father, Let this thing be done for me: let me alone two months, that I may go up and down upon the mountains, and bewail my virginity, I and my fellows.

38And he said, Go. And he sent her away for two months: and she went with her companions, and bewailed her virginity upon the mountains.

39And it came to pass at the end of two months, that she returned unto her father, who did with her according to his vow which he had vowed: and she knew no man. And it was a custom in Israel,

40That the daughters of Israel went yearly to lament the daughter of Jephthah the Gileadite four days in a year.

This page shows the King James Version. In the app, reading opens in the Berean Standard Bible unless you have chosen another translation. The reader includes five translations: the Berean Standard Bible (BSB), the King James Version (KJV), the World English Bible (WEB), the Bible in Basic English (BBE), and the American Standard Version (ASV). Search covers three of them: Berean Standard, King James, and World English. Basic English and American Standard readers search the King James words.

Historical context

Jephthah's origin and exclusion are narrative facts, while his land-history argument is a speech directed to the opposing king. Its three hundred years and reference to Chemosh as the king's god belong to that argument, without a supplied chronology for every judge or an independent account of Ammonite religion. The Spirit's arrival in verse 29 precedes the vow in 30–31; the text does not record the Lord commanding or requesting that vow. The vow has whatsoever in KJV/ASV and whoever in BBE; all three retain a burnt offering and the later performance of the vow concerning the daughter. The closing notice does not describe the act in detail or give her a name. KJV says Israel's daughters lament her yearly, ASV says celebrate, and BBE describes sorrowing. Her virginity, companions and requested interval are also explicit.

Cited passages: Judges 11:1, Judges 11:2, Judges 11:3, Judges 11:12, Judges 11:13, Judges 11:14, Judges 11:15, Judges 11:16, Judges 11:17, Judges 11:18, Judges 11:19, Judges 11:20, Judges 11:21, Judges 11:22, Judges 11:23, Judges 11:24, Judges 11:25, Judges 11:26, Judges 11:27, Judges 11:28, Judges 11:29, Judges 11:30, Judges 11:31, Judges 11:32, Judges 11:33, Judges 11:34, Judges 11:35, Judges 11:36, Judges 11:37, Judges 11:38, Judges 11:39, Judges 11:40

Literary context

The rejected son negotiates a public place through words witnessed before the Lord. A long diplomatic exchange then contrasts competing accounts of the land. His own later words bind the domestic ending to the military victory: the person who comes out to greet him is his only child. The daughter's speech and time with her companions interrupt Jephthah's lament, and the ending gives women a repeated act of remembrance. The narrative does not let victory be the last word about his leadership.

Cited passages: Judges 11:1, Judges 11:2, Judges 11:3, Judges 11:4, Judges 11:5, Judges 11:6, Judges 11:7, Judges 11:8, Judges 11:9, Judges 11:10, Judges 11:11, Judges 11:12, Judges 11:13, Judges 11:14, Judges 11:15, Judges 11:16, Judges 11:17, Judges 11:18, Judges 11:19, Judges 11:20, Judges 11:21, Judges 11:22, Judges 11:23, Judges 11:24, Judges 11:25, Judges 11:26, Judges 11:27, Judges 11:28, Judges 11:29, Judges 11:30, Judges 11:31, Judges 11:32, Judges 11:33, Judges 11:34, Judges 11:35, Judges 11:36, Judges 11:37, Judges 11:38, Judges 11:39, Judges 11:40

Key moments

  1. The rejected man is sought as leader (Judges 11:7). Jephthah confronts the elders about returning to him after his earlier exclusion.
  2. The Spirit comes before the vow (Judges 11:29). The narrative places the Lord's Spirit upon Jephthah before reporting his promise.
  3. His only child comes to meet him (Judges 11:34). His daughter greets his return with music and dancing; she is explicitly his only child.
  4. Two months with companions (Judges 11:37). She asks for time in the mountains to mourn her virginity with her companions.
  5. The vow is carried out (Judges 11:39). The narrator says Jephthah does with her according to his vow after she returns.

For reflection

Jephthah's promise has consequences for someone who did not make it. Whose life or freedom could be affected by a commitment before its speaker counts the cost?

People in this chapter

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