The Prophets · Old Testament
Ezekiel 23
Ezekiel 23: Aholah and Aholibah, the two sisters Samaria and Jerusalem
General context
The Lord tells of "two women, the daughters of one mother," who committed whoredoms in Egypt in their youth. Their names are Aholah the elder and Aholibah her sister; "they were mine" and bore sons and daughters; "Samaria is Aholah, and Jerusalem Aholibah." Aholah plays the harlot while she is the Lord's, doting on the Assyrians and defiling herself with their idols. The Lord delivers her to the Assyrians, who uncover her nakedness, take her sons and daughters and slay her with the sword. Aholibah sees this and is more corrupt: she dotes on the Assyrians, then on Chaldeans painted on a wall, and sends messengers into Chaldea; the Babylonians come to her bed and defile her, her mind is alienated from them, and the Lord's mind from her. She multiplies her whoredoms in memory of Egypt. So the Lord will raise her lovers against her, Babylonians, Chaldeans and Assyrians; they will take away her nose and ears, her sons and daughters, her clothes and jewels, and she will drink her sister's cup "deep and large," the cup of Samaria, and pluck off her own breasts. The prophet is asked whether he will judge both: they have committed adultery, have blood on their hands, passed their sons through the fire and came the same day into the sanctuary; they sent for men from far and sat on a stately bed with the Lord's incense and oil. Righteous men will judge them as adulteresses; a company will stone them, slay their children and burn their houses, "that all women may be taught not to do after your lewdness," and "ye shall know that I am the Lord God."
Cited passages: Ezekiel 23:2, Ezekiel 23:3, Ezekiel 23:4, Ezekiel 23:5, Ezekiel 23:6, Ezekiel 23:7, Ezekiel 23:8, Ezekiel 23:9, Ezekiel 23:10, Ezekiel 23:11, Ezekiel 23:14, Ezekiel 23:16, Ezekiel 23:17, Ezekiel 23:18, Ezekiel 23:19, Ezekiel 23:20, Ezekiel 23:22, Ezekiel 23:23, Ezekiel 23:25, Ezekiel 23:26, Ezekiel 23:32, Ezekiel 23:33, Ezekiel 23:34, Ezekiel 23:36, Ezekiel 23:37, Ezekiel 23:39, Ezekiel 23:40, Ezekiel 23:41, Ezekiel 23:45, Ezekiel 23:47, Ezekiel 23:48, Ezekiel 23:49
Ezekiel 23 (KJV)
1The word of the Lord came again unto me, saying,
2Son of man, there were two women, the daughters of one mother:
3And they committed whoredoms in Egypt; they committed whoredoms in their youth: there were their breasts pressed, and there they bruised the teats of their virginity.
4And the names of them were Aholah the elder, and Aholibah her sister: and they were mine, and they bare sons and daughters. Thus were their names; Samaria is Aholah, and Jerusalem Aholibah.
5And Aholah played the harlot when she was mine; and she doted on her lovers, on the Assyrians her neighbours,
6Which were clothed with blue, captains and rulers, all of them desirable young men, horsemen riding upon horses.
7Thus she committed her whoredoms with them, with all them that were the chosen men of Assyria, and with all on whom she doted: with all their idols she defiled herself.
8Neither left she her whoredoms brought from Egypt: for in her youth they lay with her, and they bruised the breasts of her virginity, and poured their whoredom upon her.
9Wherefore I have delivered her into the hand of her lovers, into the hand of the Assyrians, upon whom she doted.
10These discovered her nakedness: they took her sons and her daughters, and slew her with the sword: and she became famous among women; for they had executed judgment upon her.
11And when her sister Aholibah saw this, she was more corrupt in her inordinate love than she, and in her whoredoms more than her sister in her whoredoms.
12She doted upon the Assyrians her neighbours, captains and rulers clothed most gorgeously, horsemen riding upon horses, all of them desirable young men.
13Then I saw that she was defiled, that they took both one way,
14And that she increased her whoredoms: for when she saw men pourtrayed upon the wall, the images of the Chaldeans pourtrayed with vermilion,
15Girded with girdles upon their loins, exceeding in dyed attire upon their heads, all of them princes to look to, after the manner of the Babylonians of Chaldea, the land of their nativity:
16And as soon as she saw them with her eyes, she doted upon them, and sent messengers unto them into Chaldea.
17And the Babylonians came to her into the bed of love, and they defiled her with their whoredom, and she was polluted with them, and her mind was alienated from them.
18So she discovered her whoredoms, and discovered her nakedness: then my mind was alienated from her, like as my mind was alienated from her sister.
19Yet she multiplied her whoredoms, in calling to remembrance the days of her youth, wherein she had played the harlot in the land of Egypt.
20For she doted upon their paramours, whose flesh is as the flesh of asses, and whose issue is like the issue of horses.
21Thus thou calledst to remembrance the lewdness of thy youth, in bruising thy teats by the Egyptians for the paps of thy youth.
22Therefore, O Aholibah, thus saith the Lord God; Behold, I will raise up thy lovers against thee, from whom thy mind is alienated, and I will bring them against thee on every side;
23The Babylonians, and all the Chaldeans, Pekod, and Shoa, and Koa, and all the Assyrians with them: all of them desirable young men, captains and rulers, great lords and renowned, all of them riding upon horses.
24And they shall come against thee with chariots, wagons, and wheels, and with an assembly of people, which shall set against thee buckler and shield and helmet round about: and I will set judgment before them, and they shall judge thee according to their judgments.
25And I will set my jealousy against thee, and they shall deal furiously with thee: they shall take away thy nose and thine ears; and thy remnant shall fall by the sword: they shall take thy sons and thy daughters; and thy residue shall be devoured by the fire.
26They shall also strip thee out of thy clothes, and take away thy fair jewels.
27Thus will I make thy lewdness to cease from thee, and thy whoredom brought from the land of Egypt: so that thou shalt not lift up thine eyes unto them, nor remember Egypt any more.
28For thus saith the Lord God; Behold, I will deliver thee into the hand of them whom thou hatest, into the hand of them from whom thy mind is alienated:
29And they shall deal with thee hatefully, and shall take away all thy labour, and shall leave thee naked and bare: and the nakedness of thy whoredoms shall be discovered, both thy lewdness and thy whoredoms.
30I will do these things unto thee, because thou hast gone a whoring after the heathen, and because thou art polluted with their idols.
31Thou hast walked in the way of thy sister; therefore will I give her cup into thine hand.
32Thus saith the Lord God; Thou shalt drink of thy sister’s cup deep and large: thou shalt be laughed to scorn and had in derision; it containeth much.
33Thou shalt be filled with drunkenness and sorrow, with the cup of astonishment and desolation, with the cup of thy sister Samaria.
34Thou shalt even drink it and suck it out, and thou shalt break the sherds thereof, and pluck off thine own breasts: for I have spoken it, saith the Lord God.
35Therefore thus saith the Lord God; Because thou hast forgotten me, and cast me behind thy back, therefore bear thou also thy lewdness and thy whoredoms.
36The Lord said moreover unto me; Son of man, wilt thou judge Aholah and Aholibah? yea, declare unto them their abominations;
37That they have committed adultery, and blood is in their hands, and with their idols have they committed adultery, and have also caused their sons, whom they bare unto me, to pass for them through the fire, to devour them.
38Moreover this they have done unto me: they have defiled my sanctuary in the same day, and have profaned my sabbaths.
39For when they had slain their children to their idols, then they came the same day into my sanctuary to profane it; and, lo, thus have they done in the midst of mine house.
40And furthermore, that ye have sent for men to come from far, unto whom a messenger was sent; and, lo, they came: for whom thou didst wash thyself, paintedst thy eyes, and deckedst thyself with ornaments,
41And satest upon a stately bed, and a table prepared before it, whereupon thou hast set mine incense and mine oil.
42And a voice of a multitude being at ease was with her: and with the men of the common sort were brought Sabeans from the wilderness, which put bracelets upon their hands, and beautiful crowns upon their heads.
43Then said I unto her that was old in adulteries, Will they now commit whoredoms with her, and she with them?
44Yet they went in unto her, as they go in unto a woman that playeth the harlot: so went they in unto Aholah and unto Aholibah, the lewd women.
45And the righteous men, they shall judge them after the manner of adulteresses, and after the manner of women that shed blood; because they are adulteresses, and blood is in their hands.
46For thus saith the Lord God; I will bring up a company upon them, and will give them to be removed and spoiled.
47And the company shall stone them with stones, and dispatch them with their swords; they shall slay their sons and their daughters, and burn up their houses with fire.
48Thus will I cause lewdness to cease out of the land, that all women may be taught not to do after your lewdness.
49And they shall recompense your lewdness upon you, and ye shall bear the sins of your idols: and ye shall know that I am the Lord God.
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Historical context
The text decodes its own figures at once: "Samaria is Aholah, and Jerusalem Aholibah," two cities as two sisters of one mother, with Aholah "the elder." The lovers are named as peoples, the Assyrians, the Babylonians "of Chaldea, the land of their nativity," and the Egyptians of their youth; 23:23 adds "Pekod, and Shoa, and Koa," which the chapter does not explain. Aholah's end is stated as done, delivered to the Assyrians who "slew her with the sword"; Aholibah's is announced as coming, "I will raise up thy lovers against thee." The Lord calls both "mine" and says his mind was alienated from each. The charges move from alliance told as sex, sending "messengers unto them into Chaldea," to worship offences stated directly: child sacrifice, "caused their sons, whom they bare unto me, to pass for them through the fire," and entering the sanctuary "the same day." The sexual language is the text's own, the bruised breasts of youth, the flesh of asses, the plucking off of breasts, and it is the vehicle of the charge. The punishments named, cutting off nose and ears, stoning, sword and fire, are what the lovers and "the company" will do. "Sabeans from the wilderness" at 23:42 are printed without further identification. Chapter 16 had given Jerusalem an elder sister Samaria and a younger sister Sodom; here only two sisters appear. No date is given.
Cited passages: Ezekiel 23:4, Ezekiel 23:15, Ezekiel 23:23, Ezekiel 23:10, Ezekiel 23:22, Ezekiel 23:18, Ezekiel 23:16, Ezekiel 23:37, Ezekiel 23:38, Ezekiel 23:21, Ezekiel 23:25, Ezekiel 23:47, Ezekiel 23:42, Ezekiel 16:46
Literary context
The chapter is a told story, then its sentence, then a second indictment. The story runs in parallel: each sister "doted" on "the Assyrians her neighbours," described in near-identical lines, "captains and rulers," "desirable young men," "horsemen riding upon horses," so Aholibah's story is Aholah's told again and made worse, "more corrupt in her inordinate love than she." The word "doted" recurs at each new lover, and "alienated" turns from her mind toward the Babylonians to the Lord's mind toward her. Egypt frames both lives, first in "their youth" and again when Aholibah calls "to remembrance the days of her youth," and the sentence promises she will "not lift up thine eyes unto them, nor remember Egypt any more." The cup passage sets the two sisters in one line, "the cup of thy sister Samaria," so the elder's fate becomes the younger's measure. The second indictment, from 23:36, drops the story and addresses both together with the judge question used in 20:4 and 22:2, "wilt thou judge," then lists cultic offences before returning to the bed and the ornaments. The close turns the private tale into a public lesson, "that all women may be taught," and ends with the recognition formula in its longer form, "the Lord God."
Cited passages: Ezekiel 23:5, Ezekiel 23:12, Ezekiel 23:11, Ezekiel 23:16, Ezekiel 23:17, Ezekiel 23:18, Ezekiel 23:3, Ezekiel 23:19, Ezekiel 23:27, Ezekiel 23:33, Ezekiel 23:36, Ezekiel 22:2, Ezekiel 20:4, Ezekiel 23:48, Ezekiel 23:49
Key moments
- Samaria is Aholah, Jerusalem Aholibah (Ezekiel 23:4). Two sisters of one mother are named and identified as Samaria and Jerusalem.
- Aholah delivered to Assyria (Ezekiel 23:9). The Lord hands Aholah to the Assyrians she doted on.
- Chaldeans painted on a wall (Ezekiel 23:14). Aholibah sees images of Chaldeans in vermilion and dotes on them.
- Lovers raised against Aholibah (Ezekiel 23:22). The Lord will bring the lovers she is alienated from against her on every side.
- Her sister's cup (Ezekiel 23:32). Aholibah will drink the deep and large cup of her sister Samaria.
- Children slain, sanctuary the same day (Ezekiel 23:39). The sisters kill their children to idols and enter the sanctuary the same day.
- Stoned, slain and burned (Ezekiel 23:47). A company will stone the sisters, slay their children and burn their houses.
For reflection
Aholibah watches her sister's end and is said to become "more corrupt" rather than less. What does the text suggest about what watching another's ruin does, and does not, teach?
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