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The Prophets · Old Testament

Ezekiel 16

Ezekiel 16: Jerusalem the foundling bride who played the harlot, and her sisters Samaria and Sodom

General context

The Lord tells the prophet to "cause Jerusalem to know her abominations" and speaks to the city as a woman. Her birth was in Canaan, "thy father was an Amorite, and thy mother an Hittite"; as a newborn she was neither washed, salted nor swaddled, but cast out in the open field. The Lord passed by, saw her in her blood and said "Live." She grew; he passed by again in "the time of love," spread his skirt over her, entered a covenant, washed, anointed, clothed and adorned her, fed her fine flour, honey and oil, and she "didst prosper into a kingdom." But she trusted her beauty and "playedst the harlot," using his gifts for high places, "images of men" and offerings, and sacrificing her sons and daughters "to be devoured." She built high places in every street, committed fornication with the Egyptians, the Assyrians and "unto Chaldea," and unlike a harlot paid her lovers rather than being paid. The Lord will gather her lovers against her, uncover her, and judge her as an adulteress who sheds blood; they will strip, stone and burn her, and then his fury will rest. A proverb follows, "As is the mother, so is her daughter": her elder sister is Samaria, her younger Sodom, and she has been worse than both; Sodom's iniquity was pride, fulness of bread and idleness. The captivity of all three will be brought back together so that she bears her shame. Yet he will remember the covenant of her youth, establish an everlasting covenant and give her sisters to her as daughters, so that she is confounded and silent "when I am pacified toward thee."

Cited passages: Ezekiel 16:2, Ezekiel 16:3, Ezekiel 16:4, Ezekiel 16:5, Ezekiel 16:6, Ezekiel 16:8, Ezekiel 16:12, Ezekiel 16:13, Ezekiel 16:15, Ezekiel 16:17, Ezekiel 16:20, Ezekiel 16:21, Ezekiel 16:24, Ezekiel 16:26, Ezekiel 16:28, Ezekiel 16:29, Ezekiel 16:33, Ezekiel 16:37, Ezekiel 16:38, Ezekiel 16:40, Ezekiel 16:42, Ezekiel 16:44, Ezekiel 16:46, Ezekiel 16:49, Ezekiel 16:53, Ezekiel 16:60, Ezekiel 16:61, Ezekiel 16:63

Ezekiel 16 (KJV)

1Again the word of the Lord came unto me, saying,

2Son of man, cause Jerusalem to know her abominations,

3And say, Thus saith the Lord God unto Jerusalem; Thy birth and thy nativity is of the land of Canaan; thy father was an Amorite, and thy mother an Hittite.

4And as for thy nativity, in the day thou wast born thy navel was not cut, neither wast thou washed in water to supple thee; thou wast not salted at all, nor swaddled at all.

5None eye pitied thee, to do any of these unto thee, to have compassion upon thee; but thou wast cast out in the open field, to the lothing of thy person, in the day that thou wast born.

6And when I passed by thee, and saw thee polluted in thine own blood, I said unto thee when thou wast in thy blood, Live; yea, I said unto thee when thou wast in thy blood, Live.

7I have caused thee to multiply as the bud of the field, and thou hast increased and waxen great, and thou art come to excellent ornaments: thy breasts are fashioned, and thine hair is grown, whereas thou wast naked and bare.

8Now when I passed by thee, and looked upon thee, behold, thy time was the time of love; and I spread my skirt over thee, and covered thy nakedness: yea, I sware unto thee, and entered into a covenant with thee, saith the Lord God, and thou becamest mine.

9Then washed I thee with water; yea, I throughly washed away thy blood from thee, and I anointed thee with oil.

10I clothed thee also with broidered work, and shod thee with badgers’ skin, and I girded thee about with fine linen, and I covered thee with silk.

11I decked thee also with ornaments, and I put bracelets upon thy hands, and a chain on thy neck.

12And I put a jewel on thy forehead, and earrings in thine ears, and a beautiful crown upon thine head.

13Thus wast thou decked with gold and silver; and thy raiment was of fine linen, and silk, and broidered work; thou didst eat fine flour, and honey, and oil: and thou wast exceeding beautiful, and thou didst prosper into a kingdom.

14And thy renown went forth among the heathen for thy beauty: for it was perfect through my comeliness, which I had put upon thee, saith the Lord God.

15But thou didst trust in thine own beauty, and playedst the harlot because of thy renown, and pouredst out thy fornications on every one that passed by; his it was.

16And of thy garments thou didst take, and deckedst thy high places with divers colours, and playedst the harlot thereupon: the like things shall not come, neither shall it be so.

17Thou hast also taken thy fair jewels of my gold and of my silver, which I had given thee, and madest to thyself images of men, and didst commit whoredom with them,

18And tookest thy broidered garments, and coveredst them: and thou hast set mine oil and mine incense before them.

19My meat also which I gave thee, fine flour, and oil, and honey, wherewith I fed thee, thou hast even set it before them for a sweet savour: and thus it was, saith the Lord God.

20Moreover thou hast taken thy sons and thy daughters, whom thou hast borne unto me, and these hast thou sacrificed unto them to be devoured. Is this of thy whoredoms a small matter,

21That thou hast slain my children, and delivered them to cause them to pass through the fire for them?

22And in all thine abominations and thy whoredoms thou hast not remembered the days of thy youth, when thou wast naked and bare, and wast polluted in thy blood.

23And it came to pass after all thy wickedness, (woe, woe unto thee! saith the Lord God;)

24That thou hast also built unto thee an eminent place, and hast made thee an high place in every street.

25Thou hast built thy high place at every head of the way, and hast made thy beauty to be abhorred, and hast opened thy feet to every one that passed by, and multiplied thy whoredoms.

26Thou hast also committed fornication with the Egyptians thy neighbours, great of flesh; and hast increased thy whoredoms, to provoke me to anger.

27Behold, therefore I have stretched out my hand over thee, and have diminished thine ordinary food, and delivered thee unto the will of them that hate thee, the daughters of the Philistines, which are ashamed of thy lewd way.

28Thou hast played the whore also with the Assyrians, because thou wast unsatiable; yea, thou hast played the harlot with them, and yet couldest not be satisfied.

29Thou hast moreover multiplied thy fornication in the land of Canaan unto Chaldea; and yet thou wast not satisfied herewith.

30How weak is thine heart, saith the Lord God, seeing thou doest all these things, the work of an imperious whorish woman;

31In that thou buildest thine eminent place in the head of every way, and makest thine high place in every street; and hast not been as an harlot, in that thou scornest hire;

32But as a wife that committeth adultery, which taketh strangers instead of her husband!

33They give gifts to all whores: but thou givest thy gifts to all thy lovers, and hirest them, that they may come unto thee on every side for thy whoredom.

34And the contrary is in thee from other women in thy whoredoms, whereas none followeth thee to commit whoredoms: and in that thou givest a reward, and no reward is given unto thee, therefore thou art contrary.

35Wherefore, O harlot, hear the word of the Lord:

36Thus saith the Lord God; Because thy filthiness was poured out, and thy nakedness discovered through thy whoredoms with thy lovers, and with all the idols of thy abominations, and by the blood of thy children, which thou didst give unto them;

37Behold, therefore I will gather all thy lovers, with whom thou hast taken pleasure, and all them that thou hast loved, with all them that thou hast hated; I will even gather them round about against thee, and will discover thy nakedness unto them, that they may see all thy nakedness.

38And I will judge thee, as women that break wedlock and shed blood are judged; and I will give thee blood in fury and jealousy.

39And I will also give thee into their hand, and they shall throw down thine eminent place, and shall break down thy high places: they shall strip thee also of thy clothes, and shall take thy fair jewels, and leave thee naked and bare.

40They shall also bring up a company against thee, and they shall stone thee with stones, and thrust thee through with their swords.

41And they shall burn thine houses with fire, and execute judgments upon thee in the sight of many women: and I will cause thee to cease from playing the harlot, and thou also shalt give no hire any more.

42So will I make my fury toward thee to rest, and my jealousy shall depart from thee, and I will be quiet, and will be no more angry.

43Because thou hast not remembered the days of thy youth, but hast fretted me in all these things; behold, therefore I also will recompense thy way upon thine head, saith the Lord God: and thou shalt not commit this lewdness above all thine abominations.

44Behold, every one that useth proverbs shall use this proverb against thee, saying, As is the mother, so is her daughter.

45Thou art thy mother’s daughter, that lotheth her husband and her children; and thou art the sister of thy sisters, which lothed their husbands and their children: your mother was an Hittite, and your father an Amorite.

46And thine elder sister is Samaria, she and her daughters that dwell at thy left hand: and thy younger sister, that dwelleth at thy right hand, is Sodom and her daughters.

47Yet hast thou not walked after their ways, nor done after their abominations: but, as if that were a very little thing, thou wast corrupted more than they in all thy ways.

48As I live, saith the Lord God, Sodom thy sister hath not done, she nor her daughters, as thou hast done, thou and thy daughters.

49Behold, this was the iniquity of thy sister Sodom, pride, fulness of bread, and abundance of idleness was in her and in her daughters, neither did she strengthen the hand of the poor and needy.

50And they were haughty, and committed abomination before me: therefore I took them away as I saw good.

51Neither hath Samaria committed half of thy sins; but thou hast multiplied thine abominations more than they, and hast justified thy sisters in all thine abominations which thou hast done.

52Thou also, which hast judged thy sisters, bear thine own shame for thy sins that thou hast committed more abominable than they: they are more righteous than thou: yea, be thou confounded also, and bear thy shame, in that thou hast justified thy sisters.

53When I shall bring again their captivity, the captivity of Sodom and her daughters, and the captivity of Samaria and her daughters, then will I bring again the captivity of thy captives in the midst of them:

54That thou mayest bear thine own shame, and mayest be confounded in all that thou hast done, in that thou art a comfort unto them.

55When thy sisters, Sodom and her daughters, shall return to their former estate, and Samaria and her daughters shall return to their former estate, then thou and thy daughters shall return to your former estate.

56For thy sister Sodom was not mentioned by thy mouth in the day of thy pride,

57Before thy wickedness was discovered, as at the time of thy reproach of the daughters of Syria, and all that are round about her, the daughters of the Philistines, which despise thee round about.

58Thou hast borne thy lewdness and thine abominations, saith the Lord.

59For thus saith the Lord God; I will even deal with thee as thou hast done, which hast despised the oath in breaking the covenant.

60Nevertheless I will remember my covenant with thee in the days of thy youth, and I will establish unto thee an everlasting covenant.

61Then thou shalt remember thy ways, and be ashamed, when thou shalt receive thy sisters, thine elder and thy younger: and I will give them unto thee for daughters, but not by thy covenant.

62And I will establish my covenant with thee; and thou shalt know that I am the Lord:

63That thou mayest remember, and be confounded, and never open thy mouth any more because of thy shame, when I am pacified toward thee for all that thou hast done, saith the Lord God.

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Historical context

The whole chapter is an extended figure addressed to "Jerusalem"; the woman is the city, and her lovers are named as peoples, "the Egyptians," "the Assyrians" and "Chaldæa," while "the daughters of the Philistines" and "the daughters of Syria" appear as onlookers who despise her. The parentage, "thy father was an Amorite, and thy mother an Hittite," is stated twice as part of the figure. Samaria and Sodom are called her sisters, elder at the left hand and younger at the right, and Sodom's sin is given as pride, plenty, idleness and neglect of the poor; the text says the Lord "took them away as I saw good" and does not describe how. The child sacrifice is stated plainly as done: sons and daughters slain and passed "through the fire." The punishment is described as what "they," the gathered lovers, will do, stoning, sword and fire, with the Lord as the one who gives her into their hand. The chapter says the Lord will "bring again" the captivity of all three sisters, and that the covenant restored is "my covenant with thee in the days of thy youth," but "not by thy covenant"; the text does not date any of this. The sexual language is the text's own and is used for idolatry and foreign alliances by the Lord's explicit gloss, "with all the idols of thy abominations." Nothing is said about the prophet's delivery of this speech or any hearer's response.

Cited passages: Ezekiel 16:45, Ezekiel 16:27, Ezekiel 16:57, Ezekiel 16:50, Ezekiel 16:36, Ezekiel 16:39, Ezekiel 16:41, Ezekiel 16:55, Ezekiel 16:59, Ezekiel 16:62

Literary context

The chapter is the longest so far and moves in stages: abandoned infant, adopted and adorned bride, harlot, judged adulteress, shamed sister, restored partner. Repetition marks the turns. "When I passed by thee" occurs twice, once for rescue and once for marriage. "Naked and bare" describes her beginning, her forgotten youth and her stripping at the end, so the punishment returns her to the field she was found in. The gifts of 16:10 to 13 are listed item by item and then taken back item by item in 16:16 to 19, "thy garments," "my gold and of my silver," "mine oil and mine incense," "my meat also which I gave thee." The harlot figure is pushed past itself: she "scornest hire," pays her lovers and is therefore "contrary" to all other women, which is stated as the climax of the accusation. The sister section works by comparison, "more than they," "Neither hath Samaria committed half of thy sins," "they are more righteous than thou," and turns Sodom into the one Jerusalem must be measured against. The final verses hold shame and restoration together: the covenant is remembered and made everlasting, and the result is a closed mouth, "never open thy mouth any more because of thy shame." The refrain "saith the Lord God" punctuates the whole speech.

Cited passages: Ezekiel 16:6, Ezekiel 16:8, Ezekiel 16:7, Ezekiel 16:22, Ezekiel 16:39, Ezekiel 16:19, Ezekiel 16:31, Ezekiel 16:34, Ezekiel 16:51, Ezekiel 16:52, Ezekiel 16:63

Key moments

  1. Live (Ezekiel 16:6). The Lord passes by the abandoned newborn, sees her in her blood and tells her to live.
  2. Covered with a skirt (Ezekiel 16:8). In the time of love the Lord covers her and enters a covenant with her.
  3. She played the harlot (Ezekiel 16:15). Trusting her beauty, she gives herself to every passerby.
  4. Children passed through the fire (Ezekiel 16:21). She has slain the Lord's children and given them to the fire.
  5. Lovers gathered against her (Ezekiel 16:37). The Lord gathers all her lovers to uncover and judge her.
  6. Samaria and Sodom her sisters (Ezekiel 16:46). Her elder sister is Samaria and her younger is Sodom, and she is worse than both.
  7. An everlasting covenant (Ezekiel 16:60). The Lord remembers the covenant of her youth and establishes an everlasting one.

For reflection

The chapter ends with a restored covenant and a woman who "never open thy mouth any more because of thy shame." How does the text hold together being forgiven and being silenced by memory?

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