The Torah · Old Testament
Numbers 24
A third blessing and oracles of future dominion
General context
Balaam turns toward the wilderness without seeking enchantments as before. Seeing Israel camped by tribes, he receives the spirit of God and speaks of its tents, abundance and strength. Balak angrily dismisses him after three blessings instead of the requested curse. Balaam repeats that even great payment cannot authorize words beyond the Lord's command. Before departing, he announces what Israel will do in days to come. The ensuing oracles speak of a star and scepter from Jacob, the defeat of Moab and Edom, and the futures of Amalek, the Kenites and other peoples. Balaam and Balak then go their ways.
Cited passages: Numbers 24:1, Numbers 24:2, Numbers 24:3, Numbers 24:4, Numbers 24:5, Numbers 24:6, Numbers 24:7, Numbers 24:8, Numbers 24:9, Numbers 24:10, Numbers 24:11, Numbers 24:12, Numbers 24:13, Numbers 24:14, Numbers 24:15, Numbers 24:16, Numbers 24:17, Numbers 24:18, Numbers 24:19, Numbers 24:20, Numbers 24:21, Numbers 24:22, Numbers 24:23, Numbers 24:24, Numbers 24:25
Numbers 24 (KJV)
1And when Balaam saw that it pleased the Lord to bless Israel, he went not, as at other times, to seek for enchantments, but he set his face toward the wilderness.
2And Balaam lifted up his eyes, and he saw Israel abiding in his tents according to their tribes; and the spirit of God came upon him.
3And he took up his parable, and said, Balaam the son of Beor hath said, and the man whose eyes are open hath said:
4He hath said, which heard the words of God, which saw the vision of the Almighty, falling into a trance, but having his eyes open:
5How goodly are thy tents, O Jacob, and thy tabernacles, O Israel!
6As the valleys are they spread forth, as gardens by the river’s side, as the trees of lign aloes which the Lord hath planted, and as cedar trees beside the waters.
7He shall pour the water out of his buckets, and his seed shall be in many waters, and his king shall be higher than Agag, and his kingdom shall be exalted.
8God brought him forth out of Egypt; he hath as it were the strength of an unicorn: he shall eat up the nations his enemies, and shall break their bones, and pierce them through with his arrows.
9He couched, he lay down as a lion, and as a great lion: who shall stir him up? Blessed is he that blesseth thee, and cursed is he that curseth thee.
10And Balak’s anger was kindled against Balaam, and he smote his hands together: and Balak said unto Balaam, I called thee to curse mine enemies, and, behold, thou hast altogether blessed them these three times.
11Therefore now flee thou to thy place: I thought to promote thee unto great honour; but, lo, the Lord hath kept thee back from honour.
12And Balaam said unto Balak, Spake I not also to thy messengers which thou sentest unto me, saying,
13If Balak would give me his house full of silver and gold, I cannot go beyond the commandment of the Lord, to do either good or bad of mine own mind; but what the Lord saith, that will I speak?
14And now, behold, I go unto my people: come therefore, and I will advertise thee what this people shall do to thy people in the latter days.
15And he took up his parable, and said, Balaam the son of Beor hath said, and the man whose eyes are open hath said:
16He hath said, which heard the words of God, and knew the knowledge of the most High, which saw the vision of the Almighty, falling into a trance, but having his eyes open:
17I shall see him, but not now: I shall behold him, but not nigh: there shall come a Star out of Jacob, and a Sceptre shall rise out of Israel, and shall smite the corners of Moab, and destroy all the children of Sheth.
18And Edom shall be a possession, Seir also shall be a possession for his enemies; and Israel shall do valiantly.
19Out of Jacob shall come he that shall have dominion, and shall destroy him that remaineth of the city.
20And when he looked on Amalek, he took up his parable, and said, Amalek was the first of the nations; but his latter end shall be that he perish for ever.
21And he looked on the Kenites, and took up his parable, and said, Strong is thy dwellingplace, and thou puttest thy nest in a rock.
22Nevertheless the Kenite shall be wasted, until Asshur shall carry thee away captive.
23And he took up his parable, and said, Alas, who shall live when God doeth this!
24And ships shall come from the coast of Chittim, and shall afflict Asshur, and shall afflict Eber, and he also shall perish for ever.
25And Balaam rose up, and went and returned to his place: and Balak also went his way.
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Historical context
The first oracle sets Israel's king above Agag without identifying which historical bearer of that name is meant. Later sayings name Moab, Edom, Seir, Amalek, the Kenites, Asshur, Eber and Chittim. At 24:17 the KJV says 'children of Sheth,' while the ASV says 'sons of tumult'; the BBE retains Sheth. The star and scepter are placed in a future described as not now and not near. This chapter supplies no calendar date or personal name for their fulfillment.
Cited passages: Numbers 24:7, Numbers 24:14, Numbers 24:15, Numbers 24:16, Numbers 24:17, Numbers 24:18, Numbers 24:19, Numbers 24:20, Numbers 24:21, Numbers 24:22, Numbers 24:23, Numbers 24:24
Literary context
Images of watered gardens and strong animals lead into royal and military language. The repeated introduction presents Balaam as hearing divine words and seeing a vision; at 24:3 the KJV and BBE speak of open eyes, while the ASV says his eye was closed, before verse 4 speaks of opened eyes. Balak's interrupted plan frames the oracles: the speaker summoned to curse pronounces blessing and then foretells harm to the king's people. The movement beyond Israel's tents to several nations widens the closing scene.
Cited passages: Numbers 24:1, Numbers 24:2, Numbers 24:3, Numbers 24:4, Numbers 24:5, Numbers 24:6, Numbers 24:7, Numbers 24:8, Numbers 24:9, Numbers 24:10, Numbers 24:11, Numbers 24:12, Numbers 24:13, Numbers 24:14, Numbers 24:15, Numbers 24:16, Numbers 24:17, Numbers 24:18, Numbers 24:19, Numbers 24:20, Numbers 24:21, Numbers 24:22, Numbers 24:23, Numbers 24:24, Numbers 24:25
Key moments
- Israel's tents (Numbers 24:5). The oracle praises the appearance of Jacob's tents and Israel's dwellings.
- Balak's anger (Numbers 24:10). Balak strikes his hands together and protests that Balaam has blessed Israel three times.
- A star and scepter (Numbers 24:17). Balaam's future oracle uses images of a star from Jacob and a scepter from Israel.
For reflection
How does the contrast between Balak's intended curse and the words actually spoken shape these oracles? Which images help you follow them, and which details remain unresolved?
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