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The Torah · Old Testament

Numbers 22

Balak summons Balaam, and a donkey sees the danger

General context

Israel camps in the plains of Moab near Jericho. Alarmed by Israel's numbers and victories, Balak of Moab summons Balaam son of Beor to curse the people. God first forbids the journey and curse because the people are blessed. A second delegation brings offers of honor. Balaam again consults God and receives qualified permission to go, followed in the narrative by divine anger when he goes. On the road, Balaam strikes his donkey three times as she avoids an angel he cannot see. The Lord enables her speech and then opens Balaam's eyes. The angel permits him to continue under a strict limit on his words, which Balaam repeats when he meets Balak.

Cited passages: Numbers 22:1, Numbers 22:2, Numbers 22:3, Numbers 22:4, Numbers 22:5, Numbers 22:6, Numbers 22:7, Numbers 22:8, Numbers 22:9, Numbers 22:10, Numbers 22:11, Numbers 22:12, Numbers 22:13, Numbers 22:14, Numbers 22:15, Numbers 22:16, Numbers 22:17, Numbers 22:18, Numbers 22:19, Numbers 22:20, Numbers 22:21, Numbers 22:22, Numbers 22:23, Numbers 22:24, Numbers 22:25, Numbers 22:26, Numbers 22:27, Numbers 22:28, Numbers 22:29, Numbers 22:30, Numbers 22:31, Numbers 22:32, Numbers 22:33, Numbers 22:34, Numbers 22:35, Numbers 22:36, Numbers 22:37, Numbers 22:38, Numbers 22:39, Numbers 22:40, Numbers 22:41

Numbers 22 (KJV)

1And the children of Israel set forward, and pitched in the plains of Moab on this side Jordan by Jericho.

2And Balak the son of Zippor saw all that Israel had done to the Amorites.

3And Moab was sore afraid of the people, because they were many: and Moab was distressed because of the children of Israel.

4And Moab said unto the elders of Midian, Now shall this company lick up all that are round about us, as the ox licketh up the grass of the field. And Balak the son of Zippor was king of the Moabites at that time.

5He sent messengers therefore unto Balaam the son of Beor to Pethor, which is by the river of the land of the children of his people, to call him, saying, Behold, there is a people come out from Egypt: behold, they cover the face of the earth, and they abide over against me:

6Come now therefore, I pray thee, curse me this people; for they are too mighty for me: peradventure I shall prevail, that we may smite them, and that I may drive them out of the land: for I wot that he whom thou blessest is blessed, and he whom thou cursest is cursed.

7And the elders of Moab and the elders of Midian departed with the rewards of divination in their hand; and they came unto Balaam, and spake unto him the words of Balak.

8And he said unto them, Lodge here this night, and I will bring you word again, as the Lord shall speak unto me: and the princes of Moab abode with Balaam.

9And God came unto Balaam, and said, What men are these with thee?

10And Balaam said unto God, Balak the son of Zippor, king of Moab, hath sent unto me, saying,

11Behold, there is a people come out of Egypt, which covereth the face of the earth: come now, curse me them; peradventure I shall be able to overcome them, and drive them out.

12And God said unto Balaam, Thou shalt not go with them; thou shalt not curse the people: for they are blessed.

13And Balaam rose up in the morning, and said unto the princes of Balak, Get you into your land: for the Lord refuseth to give me leave to go with you.

14And the princes of Moab rose up, and they went unto Balak, and said, Balaam refuseth to come with us.

15And Balak sent yet again princes, more, and more honourable than they.

16And they came to Balaam, and said to him, Thus saith Balak the son of Zippor, Let nothing, I pray thee, hinder thee from coming unto me:

17For I will promote thee unto very great honour, and I will do whatsoever thou sayest unto me: come therefore, I pray thee, curse me this people.

18And Balaam answered and said unto the servants of Balak, If Balak would give me his house full of silver and gold, I cannot go beyond the word of the Lord my God, to do less or more.

19Now therefore, I pray you, tarry ye also here this night, that I may know what the Lord will say unto me more.

20And God came unto Balaam at night, and said unto him, If the men come to call thee, rise up, and go with them; but yet the word which I shall say unto thee, that shalt thou do.

21And Balaam rose up in the morning, and saddled his ass, and went with the princes of Moab.

22And God’s anger was kindled because he went: and the angel of the Lord stood in the way for an adversary against him. Now he was riding upon his ass, and his two servants were with him.

23And the ass saw the angel of the Lord standing in the way, and his sword drawn in his hand: and the ass turned aside out of the way, and went into the field: and Balaam smote the ass, to turn her into the way.

24But the angel of the Lord stood in a path of the vineyards, a wall being on this side, and a wall on that side.

25And when the ass saw the angel of the Lord, she thrust herself unto the wall, and crushed Balaam’s foot against the wall: and he smote her again.

26And the angel of the Lord went further, and stood in a narrow place, where was no way to turn either to the right hand or to the left.

27And when the ass saw the angel of the Lord, she fell down under Balaam: and Balaam’s anger was kindled, and he smote the ass with a staff.

28And the Lord opened the mouth of the ass, and she said unto Balaam, What have I done unto thee, that thou hast smitten me these three times?

29And Balaam said unto the ass, Because thou hast mocked me: I would there were a sword in mine hand, for now would I kill thee.

30And the ass said unto Balaam, Am not I thine ass, upon which thou hast ridden ever since I was thine unto this day? was I ever wont to do so unto thee? And he said, Nay.

31Then the Lord opened the eyes of Balaam, and he saw the angel of the Lord standing in the way, and his sword drawn in his hand: and he bowed down his head, and fell flat on his face.

32And the angel of the Lord said unto him, Wherefore hast thou smitten thine ass these three times? behold, I went out to withstand thee, because thy way is perverse before me:

33And the ass saw me, and turned from me these three times: unless she had turned from me, surely now also I had slain thee, and saved her alive.

34And Balaam said unto the angel of the Lord, I have sinned; for I knew not that thou stoodest in the way against me: now therefore, if it displease thee, I will get me back again.

35And the angel of the Lord said unto Balaam, Go with the men: but only the word that I shall speak unto thee, that thou shalt speak. So Balaam went with the princes of Balak.

36And when Balak heard that Balaam was come, he went out to meet him unto a city of Moab, which is in the border of Arnon, which is in the utmost coast.

37And Balak said unto Balaam, Did I not earnestly send unto thee to call thee? wherefore camest thou not unto me? am I not able indeed to promote thee to honour?

38And Balaam said unto Balak, Lo, I am come unto thee: have I now any power at all to say any thing? the word that God putteth in my mouth, that shall I speak.

39And Balaam went with Balak, and they came unto Kirjath-huzoth.

40And Balak offered oxen and sheep, and sent to Balaam, and to the princes that were with him.

41And it came to pass on the morrow, that Balak took Balaam, and brought him up into the high places of Baal, that thence he might see the utmost part of the people.

This page shows the King James Version. In the app, reading opens in the Berean Standard Bible unless you have chosen another translation. The reader includes five translations: the Berean Standard Bible (BSB), the King James Version (KJV), the World English Bible (WEB), the Bible in Basic English (BBE), and the American Standard Version (ASV). Search covers three of them: Berean Standard, King James, and World English. Basic English and American Standard readers search the King James words.

Historical context

Balak is the son of Zippor and king of Moab; Balaam is the son of Beor at Pethor by the river. Elders of both Moab and Midian carry the request and rewards for divination. These are separate named figures and communities. The later meeting takes place at Moab's Arnon border, followed by Kirjath-huzoth and a view from the high places of Baal. The chapter reports promises of honor and Balaam's statement about a house full of silver and gold, but does not report a completed payment.

Cited passages: Numbers 22:2, Numbers 22:3, Numbers 22:4, Numbers 22:5, Numbers 22:6, Numbers 22:7, Numbers 22:15, Numbers 22:16, Numbers 22:17, Numbers 22:18, Numbers 22:36, Numbers 22:37, Numbers 22:38, Numbers 22:39, Numbers 22:40, Numbers 22:41

Literary context

Balak tries again with a more distinguished delegation, but each stage brings attention back to what Balaam may say. The road scene reverses the expected roles: the animal sees the danger before the man, and her apparent obstruction has spared his life. Balaam wishes for a sword while an unseen drawn sword is already in the road. Permission, anger and renewed permission remain adjacent in the account; the angel calls Balaam's way perverse, but the text does not give a full explanation resolving that tension.

Cited passages: Numbers 22:12, Numbers 22:13, Numbers 22:14, Numbers 22:15, Numbers 22:16, Numbers 22:17, Numbers 22:18, Numbers 22:19, Numbers 22:20, Numbers 22:21, Numbers 22:22, Numbers 22:23, Numbers 22:24, Numbers 22:25, Numbers 22:26, Numbers 22:27, Numbers 22:28, Numbers 22:29, Numbers 22:30, Numbers 22:31, Numbers 22:32, Numbers 22:33, Numbers 22:34, Numbers 22:35, Numbers 22:38

Key moments

  1. A forbidden curse (Numbers 22:12). God tells Balaam not to go or curse the people, because they are blessed.
  2. The donkey speaks (Numbers 22:28). The Lord opens the donkey's mouth, and she questions Balaam's repeated blows.
  3. Balaam's eyes open (Numbers 22:31). Balaam finally sees the angel and the drawn sword.

For reflection

How does the donkey's role challenge Balaam's reading of resistance? What should a reader do with the tension between the permission to travel and the opposition he meets?

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