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The Prophets · Old Testament

Jeremiah 48

Jeremiah 48: the judgment of Moab

General context

The word against Moab opens with woe on Nebo, spoiled, Kiriathaim taken and Misgab dismayed. In Heshbon evil is devised to cut it off from being a nation, and crying rises from Horonaim. The people are told to flee and be like the heath. Because Moab trusted in works and treasures it will be taken, and Chemosh will go into captivity with his priests and princes; the spoiler will come on every city. A curse falls on anyone who keeps back his sword from blood. Moab has been at ease from his youth, settled on his lees, never emptied from vessel to vessel; now the Lord will send wanderers to empty his vessels and break the bottles, and Moab will be ashamed of Chemosh as Israel was of Beth-el. Neighbours are told to bemoan the broken staff and Aroer to ask the fugitives what is done. Judgment is named on a long list of cities. Moab's horn is cut off and his arm broken; he is to be made drunken because he magnified himself against the Lord and mocked Israel. The speaker howls for Moab, weeps for the vine of Sibmah, and says joy and wine have failed from the winepresses. Heads are bald, beards clipped, hands cut; Moab is broken like a vessel without pleasure. An eagle spreads its wings over Moab, Kerioth is taken, the mighty men's hearts are like a woman in pangs, and fear, the pit and the snare wait in turn. A fire from Heshbon devours the corner of Moab; the people of Chemosh perish and sons and daughters go captive. Yet the Lord will bring again the captivity of Moab in the latter days, and the chapter ends: thus far is the judgment of Moab.

Cited passages: Jeremiah 48:1, Jeremiah 48:2, Jeremiah 48:3, Jeremiah 48:4, Jeremiah 48:6, Jeremiah 48:7, Jeremiah 48:10, Jeremiah 48:11, Jeremiah 48:12, Jeremiah 48:13, Jeremiah 48:15, Jeremiah 48:17, Jeremiah 48:18, Jeremiah 48:19, Jeremiah 48:21, Jeremiah 48:25, Jeremiah 48:26, Jeremiah 48:27, Jeremiah 48:31, Jeremiah 48:32, Jeremiah 48:33, Jeremiah 48:37, Jeremiah 48:38, Jeremiah 48:40, Jeremiah 48:41, Jeremiah 48:43, Jeremiah 48:45, Jeremiah 48:46, Jeremiah 48:47

Jeremiah 48 (KJV)

1Against Moab thus saith the Lord of hosts, the God of Israel; Woe unto Nebo! for it is spoiled: Kiriathaim is confounded and taken: Misgab is confounded and dismayed.

2There shall be no more praise of Moab: in Heshbon they have devised evil against it; come, and let us cut it off from being a nation. Also thou shalt be cut down, O Madmen; the sword shall pursue thee.

3A voice of crying shall be from Horonaim, spoiling and great destruction.

4Moab is destroyed; her little ones have caused a cry to be heard.

5For in the going up of Luhith continual weeping shall go up; for in the going down of Horonaim the enemies have heard a cry of destruction.

6Flee, save your lives, and be like the heath in the wilderness.

7For because thou hast trusted in thy works and in thy treasures, thou shalt also be taken: and Chemosh shall go forth into captivity with his priests and his princes together.

8And the spoiler shall come upon every city, and no city shall escape: the valley also shall perish, and the plain shall be destroyed, as the Lord hath spoken.

9Give wings unto Moab, that it may flee and get away: for the cities thereof shall be desolate, without any to dwell therein.

10Cursed be he that doeth the work of the Lord deceitfully, and cursed be he that keepeth back his sword from blood.

11Moab hath been at ease from his youth, and he hath settled on his lees, and hath not been emptied from vessel to vessel, neither hath he gone into captivity: therefore his taste remained in him, and his scent is not changed.

12Therefore, behold, the days come, saith the Lord, that I will send unto him wanderers, that shall cause him to wander, and shall empty his vessels, and break their bottles.

13And Moab shall be ashamed of Chemosh, as the house of Israel was ashamed of Beth-el their confidence.

14How say ye, We are mighty and strong men for the war?

15Moab is spoiled, and gone up out of her cities, and his chosen young men are gone down to the slaughter, saith the King, whose name is the Lord of hosts.

16The calamity of Moab is near to come, and his affliction hasteth fast.

17All ye that are about him, bemoan him; and all ye that know his name, say, How is the strong staff broken, and the beautiful rod!

18Thou daughter that dost inhabit Dibon, come down from thy glory, and sit in thirst; for the spoiler of Moab shall come upon thee, and he shall destroy thy strong holds.

19O inhabitant of Aroer, stand by the way, and espy; ask him that fleeth, and her that escapeth, and say, What is done?

20Moab is confounded; for it is broken down: howl and cry; tell ye it in Arnon, that Moab is spoiled,

21And judgment is come upon the plain country; upon Holon, and upon Jahazah, and upon Mephaath,

22And upon Dibon, and upon Nebo, and upon Beth-diblathaim,

23And upon Kiriathaim, and upon Beth-gamul, and upon Beth-meon,

24And upon Kerioth, and upon Bozrah, and upon all the cities of the land of Moab, far or near.

25The horn of Moab is cut off, and his arm is broken, saith the Lord.

26Make ye him drunken: for he magnified himself against the Lord: Moab also shall wallow in his vomit, and he also shall be in derision.

27For was not Israel a derision unto thee? was he found among thieves? for since thou spakest of him, thou skippedst for joy.

28O ye that dwell in Moab, leave the cities, and dwell in the rock, and be like the dove that maketh her nest in the sides of the hole’s mouth.

29We have heard the pride of Moab, (he is exceeding proud) his loftiness, and his arrogancy, and his pride, and the haughtiness of his heart.

30I know his wrath, saith the Lord; but it shall not be so; his lies shall not so effect it.

31Therefore will I howl for Moab, and I will cry out for all Moab; mine heart shall mourn for the men of Kir-heres.

32O vine of Sibmah, I will weep for thee with the weeping of Jazer: thy plants are gone over the sea, they reach even to the sea of Jazer: the spoiler is fallen upon thy summer fruits and upon thy vintage.

33And joy and gladness is taken from the plentiful field, and from the land of Moab; and I have caused wine to fail from the winepresses: none shall tread with shouting; their shouting shall be no shouting.

34From the cry of Heshbon even unto Elealeh, and even unto Jahaz, have they uttered their voice, from Zoar even unto Horonaim, as an heifer of three years old: for the waters also of Nimrim shall be desolate.

35Moreover I will cause to cease in Moab, saith the Lord, him that offereth in the high places, and him that burneth incense to his gods.

36Therefore mine heart shall sound for Moab like pipes, and mine heart shall sound like pipes for the men of Kir-heres: because the riches that he hath gotten are perished.

37For every head shall be bald, and every beard clipped: upon all the hands shall be cuttings, and upon the loins sackcloth.

38There shall be lamentation generally upon all the housetops of Moab, and in the streets thereof: for I have broken Moab like a vessel wherein is no pleasure, saith the Lord.

39They shall howl, saying, How is it broken down! how hath Moab turned the back with shame! so shall Moab be a derision and a dismaying to all them about him.

40For thus saith the Lord; Behold, he shall fly as an eagle, and shall spread his wings over Moab.

41Kerioth is taken, and the strong holds are surprised, and the mighty men’s hearts in Moab at that day shall be as the heart of a woman in her pangs.

42And Moab shall be destroyed from being a people, because he hath magnified himself against the Lord.

43Fear, and the pit, and the snare, shall be upon thee, O inhabitant of Moab, saith the Lord.

44He that fleeth from the fear shall fall into the pit; and he that getteth up out of the pit shall be taken in the snare: for I will bring upon it, even upon Moab, the year of their visitation, saith the Lord.

45They that fled stood under the shadow of Heshbon because of the force: but a fire shall come forth out of Heshbon, and a flame from the midst of Sihon, and shall devour the corner of Moab, and the crown of the head of the tumultuous ones.

46Woe be unto thee, O Moab! the people of Chemosh perisheth: for thy sons are taken captives, and thy daughters captives.

47Yet will I bring again the captivity of Moab in the latter days, saith the Lord. Thus far is the judgment of Moab.

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Historical context

The oracle is undated and, at forty-seven verses, longer than the words against Egypt and the Philistines before it. Chemosh is named as Moab's god, and the text has him go into captivity with priests and princes. The city list of verses 21 to 24 and the many other names, Nebo, Kiriathaim, Misgab, Heshbon, Madmen, Horonaim, Luhith, Dibon, Aroer, Arnon, Kir-heres, Sibmah, Jazer, Elealeh, Jahaz, Zoar, Nimrim, are printed without explanation, and Bozrah appears here among Moab's cities as well as in the next chapter's word on Edom. No attacker is named; the text speaks of "the spoiler," "wanderers" and one who flies as an eagle. The charges stated are trust in works and treasures, ease from youth, pride, magnifying himself against the Lord and deriding Israel. The line about fire from Heshbon and a flame from Sihon matches wording found in Numbers, where Heshbon is Sihon's city; the chapter itself does not explain the name. The comparison to Israel's shame over Beth-el is stated without further detail. The first-person mourning, "Therefore will I howl for Moab," stands inside speech marked "saith the Lord," and the same voice says "I have broken Moab"; the text does not separate a prophet's grief from the Lord's sentence. Moab is among the nations listed for the cup in chapter 25 and the yokes in chapter 27. The chapter ends with a promise to bring Moab's captivity again and a closing formula, and it does not narrate any of these events.

Cited passages: Jeremiah 48:7, Jeremiah 48:22, Jeremiah 48:24, Jeremiah 49:13, Jeremiah 48:8, Jeremiah 48:12, Jeremiah 48:40, Jeremiah 48:29, Jeremiah 48:42, Jeremiah 48:45, Numbers 21:28, Numbers 21:26, Jeremiah 48:13, Jeremiah 48:31, Jeremiah 48:30, Jeremiah 48:38, Jeremiah 25:21, Jeremiah 27:3, Jeremiah 48:47

Literary context

Wine runs through the oracle as its governing figure. Moab has settled on his lees like wine left undisturbed; the Lord sends wanderers to empty the vessels and break the bottles; Moab is made drunken and wallows in vomit; the wine fails from the winepresses and the treaders' shouting is "no shouting"; finally Moab is a broken vessel no one wants. Two laments in the form "How is" bracket the middle section, the broken staff and the city broken down. The chain of fear, pit and snare makes escape itself the road to the next trap. Mourning is described in bodily signs, bald heads, clipped beards, cut hands, sackcloth. Bird images answer each other: the people are told to nest like the dove in the rock, and the enemy spreads wings like an eagle. The voice that pronounces the judgment also grieves, howling for Moab and sounding like pipes for Kir-heres, so sorrow and sentence share one speech. The catalogue of cities gives the ruin geography without narrative. The ending reverses the whole with a single "Yet" and then shuts the oracle with the line that the judgment of Moab reaches only this far; the next chapter gives the same reversal, in shorter words, to Ammon and to Elam.

Cited passages: Jeremiah 48:11, Jeremiah 48:12, Jeremiah 48:26, Jeremiah 48:33, Jeremiah 48:38, Jeremiah 48:17, Jeremiah 48:39, Jeremiah 48:44, Jeremiah 48:37, Jeremiah 48:28, Jeremiah 48:40, Jeremiah 48:36, Jeremiah 48:23, Jeremiah 48:47, Jeremiah 49:6, Jeremiah 49:39

Key moments

  1. Woe unto Nebo (Jeremiah 48:1). The oracle opens with Moab's cities spoiled and taken.
  2. Chemosh into captivity (Jeremiah 48:7). Moab's god goes into exile with his priests and princes.
  3. Settled on his lees (Jeremiah 48:11). Moab's long ease is pictured as wine never poured from vessel to vessel.
  4. Made drunken (Jeremiah 48:26). Moab is to be made drunk for magnifying himself against the Lord.
  5. I will howl for Moab (Jeremiah 48:31). The speaker mourns for Moab and weeps for the vine of Sibmah.
  6. Fear, pit and snare (Jeremiah 48:44). Whoever escapes one trap falls into the next.
  7. Captivity brought again (Jeremiah 48:47). After the judgment the Lord promises Moab's return in the latter days.

For reflection

The voice that says "I have broken Moab like a vessel" also says "mine heart shall sound for Moab like pipes." What does it mean for judgment and grief to come from the same mouth?

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