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The Letters · New Testament

1 Corinthians 14

1 Corinthians 14: prophecy preferred to tongues, and order in the gathering

General context

The instruction is stated at once: "Follow after charity, and desire spiritual gifts, but rather that ye may prophesy." One who speaks in an unknown tongue "speaketh not unto men, but unto God", since nobody understands, while the prophet speaks "to edification, and exhortation, and comfort". Tongues edify the speaker, prophecy edifies the church, and the prophet is greater "except he interpret". Sound supplies the argument: pipe, harp and trumpet must "give a distinction in the sounds", and "if the trumpet give an uncertain sound, who shall prepare himself to the battle?" Words not understood are spoken "into the air", and not knowing a language makes speaker and hearer "a barbarian" to each other. The tongue-speaker should pray to interpret, since praying in a tongue leaves "my understanding is unfruitful", and the resolution is both: "I will pray with the spirit, and I will pray with the understanding also." Otherwise the unlearned cannot say Amen. The writer says he speaks with tongues "more than ye all", yet "in the church I had rather speak five words with my understanding" than "ten thousand words in an unknown tongue". A written line from the law is quoted, and tongues are called a sign "not to them that believe, but to them that believe not". If outsiders hear only tongues they will "say that ye are mad"; if all prophesy, an unbeliever "is convinced of all". Rules close the chapter: tongues by two or three with one interpreter, prophets two or three with others judging, one at a time, women silent in the churches, and everything "decently and in order".

Cited passages: 1 Corinthians 14:1, 1 Corinthians 14:2, 1 Corinthians 14:3, 1 Corinthians 14:4, 1 Corinthians 14:5, 1 Corinthians 14:7, 1 Corinthians 14:8, 1 Corinthians 14:9, 1 Corinthians 14:11, 1 Corinthians 14:12, 1 Corinthians 14:13, 1 Corinthians 14:14, 1 Corinthians 14:15, 1 Corinthians 14:16, 1 Corinthians 14:18, 1 Corinthians 14:19, 1 Corinthians 14:21, 1 Corinthians 14:22, 1 Corinthians 14:23, 1 Corinthians 14:24, 1 Corinthians 14:25, 1 Corinthians 14:26, 1 Corinthians 14:27, 1 Corinthians 14:28, 1 Corinthians 14:29, 1 Corinthians 14:31, 1 Corinthians 14:33, 1 Corinthians 14:34, 1 Corinthians 14:40

1 Corinthians 14 (KJV)

1Follow after charity, and desire spiritual gifts, but rather that ye may prophesy.

2For he that speaketh in an unknown tongue speaketh not unto men, but unto God: for no man understandeth him; howbeit in the spirit he speaketh mysteries.

3But he that prophesieth speaketh unto men to edification, and exhortation, and comfort.

4He that speaketh in an unknown tongue edifieth himself; but he that prophesieth edifieth the church.

5I would that ye all spake with tongues, but rather that ye prophesied: for greater is he that prophesieth than he that speaketh with tongues, except he interpret, that the church may receive edifying.

6Now, brethren, if I come unto you speaking with tongues, what shall I profit you, except I shall speak to you either by revelation, or by knowledge, or by prophesying, or by doctrine?

7And even things without life giving sound, whether pipe or harp, except they give a distinction in the sounds, how shall it be known what is piped or harped?

8For if the trumpet give an uncertain sound, who shall prepare himself to the battle?

9So likewise ye, except ye utter by the tongue words easy to be understood, how shall it be known what is spoken? for ye shall speak into the air.

10There are, it may be, so many kinds of voices in the world, and none of them is without signification.

11Therefore if I know not the meaning of the voice, I shall be unto him that speaketh a barbarian, and he that speaketh shall be a barbarian unto me.

12Even so ye, forasmuch as ye are zealous of spiritual gifts, seek that ye may excel to the edifying of the church.

13Wherefore let him that speaketh in an unknown tongue pray that he may interpret.

14For if I pray in an unknown tongue, my spirit prayeth, but my understanding is unfruitful.

15What is it then? I will pray with the spirit, and I will pray with the understanding also: I will sing with the spirit, and I will sing with the understanding also.

16Else when thou shalt bless with the spirit, how shall he that occupieth the room of the unlearned say Amen at thy giving of thanks, seeing he understandeth not what thou sayest?

17For thou verily givest thanks well, but the other is not edified.

18I thank my God, I speak with tongues more than ye all:

19Yet in the church I had rather speak five words with my understanding, that by my voice I might teach others also, than ten thousand words in an unknown tongue.

20Brethren, be not children in understanding: howbeit in malice be ye children, but in understanding be men.

21In the law it is written, With men of other tongues and other lips will I speak unto this people; and yet for all that will they not hear me, saith the Lord.

22Wherefore tongues are for a sign, not to them that believe, but to them that believe not: but prophesying serveth not for them that believe not, but for them which believe.

23If therefore the whole church be come together into one place, and all speak with tongues, and there come in those that are unlearned, or unbelievers, will they not say that ye are mad?

24But if all prophesy, and there come in one that believeth not, or one unlearned, he is convinced of all, he is judged of all:

25And thus are the secrets of his heart made manifest; and so falling down on his face he will worship God, and report that God is in you of a truth.

26How is it then, brethren? when ye come together, every one of you hath a psalm, hath a doctrine, hath a tongue, hath a revelation, hath an interpretation. Let all things be done unto edifying.

27If any man speak in an unknown tongue, let it be by two, or at the most by three, and that by course; and let one interpret.

28But if there be no interpreter, let him keep silence in the church; and let him speak to himself, and to God.

29Let the prophets speak two or three, and let the other judge.

30If any thing be revealed to another that sitteth by, let the first hold his peace.

31For ye may all prophesy one by one, that all may learn, and all may be comforted.

32And the spirits of the prophets are subject to the prophets.

33For God is not the author of confusion, but of peace, as in all churches of the saints.

34Let your women keep silence in the churches: for it is not permitted unto them to speak; but they are commanded to be under obedience, as also saith the law.

35And if they will learn any thing, let them ask their husbands at home: for it is a shame for women to speak in the church.

36What? came the word of God out from you? or came it unto you only?

37If any man think himself to be a prophet, or spiritual, let him acknowledge that the things that I write unto you are the commandments of the Lord.

38But if any man be ignorant, let him be ignorant.

39Wherefore, brethren, covet to prophesy, and forbid not to speak with tongues.

40Let all things be done decently and in order.

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Historical context

The gathering is described by what happens in it: "every one of you hath a psalm, hath a doctrine, hath a tongue, hath a revelation, hath an interpretation", and limits are then placed on how many may speak. No person, house or city is named. The quotation at verse 21 is introduced "In the law it is written" although its wording follows Isaiah, where 28:11 reads "For with stammering lips and another tongue will he speak to this people" and 28:12 ends "yet they would not hear". The instruction about women is grounded on the law and on shame, "as also saith the law" and "it is a shame for women to speak in the church", without any law text being quoted. The same letter has already assumed women praying and prophesying at 11:5, and this chapter does not reconcile the two statements or say which situations each covers.

Cited passages: 1 Corinthians 14:21, 1 Corinthians 14:26, 1 Corinthians 14:34, 1 Corinthians 14:35, Isaiah 28:11, Isaiah 28:12, 1 Corinthians 11:5

Literary context

The argument runs on imagined scenes rather than on rules until the end. An instrument with no distinct notes, a trumpet nobody can act on, a language neither party knows, a bystander who cannot say Amen, and an outsider walking in all make the same point from different angles. Edify and edifying recur through the chapter and act as the single test applied to everything. The sharpest device is a ratio, "five words with my understanding" against "ten thousand words in an unknown tongue", which concedes the gift and prices it at the same time. Only in the last section does the writing become short procedural rules, two or three, by course, one by one, and the chapter ends on two words rather than an argument.

Cited passages: 1 Corinthians 14:7, 1 Corinthians 14:8, 1 Corinthians 14:9, 1 Corinthians 14:11, 1 Corinthians 14:12, 1 Corinthians 14:16, 1 Corinthians 14:19, 1 Corinthians 14:23, 1 Corinthians 14:26, 1 Corinthians 14:27, 1 Corinthians 14:31, 1 Corinthians 14:40

Key moments

  1. Rather that ye may prophesy (1 Corinthians 14:1). The preference is stated before any argument for it.
  2. An uncertain trumpet (1 Corinthians 14:8). A sound nobody can act on illustrates unintelligible speech.
  3. Five words rather than ten thousand (1 Corinthians 14:19). The writer prices understanding against volume.
  4. A sign to unbelievers (1 Corinthians 14:22). Tongues and prophecy are assigned to different audiences.
  5. Secrets made manifest (1 Corinthians 14:25). An outsider hearing prophecy is described falling down and worshipping.
  6. Two or three prophets (1 Corinthians 14:29). Numbers and judging are set for the prophets.
  7. Decently and in order (1 Corinthians 14:40). The chapter closes on a single standard.

For reflection

Everything in this chapter is measured by whether someone who does not already understand can follow it. What would that test change about a room you sit in?