The Torah · Old Testament
Exodus 21
Case laws concerning slavery, injury and responsibility for harm
General context
The judgments begin with a purchased Hebrew servant's release after six years and rules about which family members leave with him. A wife supplied by the master and her children remain the master's; a man who declares that he will stay has his ear pierced for continuing service. A daughter sold as a maidservant is treated under different rules concerning redemption, marriage and provision. The chapter then addresses killing, premeditation, striking or cursing parents, kidnapping and injuries from fights. It distinguishes a slave's death under a beating from survival for a day or two, explicitly invoking the master's ownership in the latter case. A case involving injury to a pregnant woman introduces a fine and the language of life for life and injury for injury. Loss of an enslaved person's eye or tooth requires release. Further cases concern a goring ox, including an owner's knowledge of its danger, a possible ransom and payment to a slave's master. Uncovered pits and one ox killing another close the chapter with rules for compensation and responsibility.
Cited passages: Exodus 21:1, Exodus 21:2, Exodus 21:3, Exodus 21:4, Exodus 21:5, Exodus 21:6, Exodus 21:7, Exodus 21:8, Exodus 21:9, Exodus 21:10, Exodus 21:11, Exodus 21:12, Exodus 21:13, Exodus 21:14, Exodus 21:15, Exodus 21:16, Exodus 21:17, Exodus 21:18, Exodus 21:19, Exodus 21:20, Exodus 21:21, Exodus 21:22, Exodus 21:23, Exodus 21:24, Exodus 21:25, Exodus 21:26, Exodus 21:27, Exodus 21:28, Exodus 21:29, Exodus 21:30, Exodus 21:31, Exodus 21:32, Exodus 21:33, Exodus 21:34, Exodus 21:35, Exodus 21:36
Exodus 21 (KJV)
1Now these are the judgments which thou shalt set before them.
2If thou buy an Hebrew servant, six years he shall serve: and in the seventh he shall go out free for nothing.
3If he came in by himself, he shall go out by himself: if he were married, then his wife shall go out with him.
4If his master have given him a wife, and she have born him sons or daughters; the wife and her children shall be her master’s, and he shall go out by himself.
5And if the servant shall plainly say, I love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not go out free:
6Then his master shall bring him unto the judges; he shall also bring him to the door, or unto the door post; and his master shall bore his ear through with an aul; and he shall serve him for ever.
7And if a man sell his daughter to be a maidservant, she shall not go out as the menservants do.
8If she please not her master, who hath betrothed her to himself, then shall he let her be redeemed: to sell her unto a strange nation he shall have no power, seeing he hath dealt deceitfully with her.
9And if he have betrothed her unto his son, he shall deal with her after the manner of daughters.
10If he take him another wife; her food, her raiment, and her duty of marriage, shall he not diminish.
11And if he do not these three unto her, then shall she go out free without money.
12He that smiteth a man, so that he die, shall be surely put to death.
13And if a man lie not in wait, but God deliver him into his hand; then I will appoint thee a place whither he shall flee.
14But if a man come presumptuously upon his neighbour, to slay him with guile; thou shalt take him from mine altar, that he may die.
15And he that smiteth his father, or his mother, shall be surely put to death.
16And he that stealeth a man, and selleth him, or if he be found in his hand, he shall surely be put to death.
17And he that curseth his father, or his mother, shall surely be put to death.
18And if men strive together, and one smite another with a stone, or with his fist, and he die not, but keepeth his bed:
19If he rise again, and walk abroad upon his staff, then shall he that smote him be quit: only he shall pay for the loss of his time, and shall cause him to be thoroughly healed.
20And if a man smite his servant, or his maid, with a rod, and he die under his hand; he shall be surely punished.
21Notwithstanding, if he continue a day or two, he shall not be punished: for he is his money.
22If men strive, and hurt a woman with child, so that her fruit depart from her, and yet no mischief follow: he shall be surely punished, according as the woman’s husband will lay upon him; and he shall pay as the judges determine.
23And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life,
24Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot,
25Burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.
26And if a man smite the eye of his servant, or the eye of his maid, that it perish; he shall let him go free for his eye’s sake.
27And if he smite out his manservant’s tooth, or his maidservant’s tooth; he shall let him go free for his tooth’s sake.
28If an ox gore a man or a woman, that they die: then the ox shall be surely stoned, and his flesh shall not be eaten; but the owner of the ox shall be quit.
29But if the ox were wont to push with his horn in time past, and it hath been testified to his owner, and he hath not kept him in, but that he hath killed a man or a woman; the ox shall be stoned, and his owner also shall be put to death.
30If there be laid on him a sum of money, then he shall give for the ransom of his life whatsoever is laid upon him.
31Whether he have gored a son, or have gored a daughter, according to this judgment shall it be done unto him.
32If the ox shall push a manservant or a maidservant; he shall give unto their master thirty shekels of silver, and the ox shall be stoned.
33And if a man shall open a pit, or if a man shall dig a pit, and not cover it, and an ox or an ass fall therein;
34The owner of the pit shall make it good, and give money unto the owner of them; and the dead beast shall be his.
35And if one man’s ox hurt another’s, that he die; then they shall sell the live ox, and divide the money of it; and the dead ox also they shall divide.
36Or if it be known that the ox hath used to push in time past, and his owner hath not kept him in; he shall surely pay ox for ox; and the dead shall be his own.
This page shows the King James Version. In the app, reading opens in the Berean Standard Bible unless you have chosen another translation. The reader includes five translations: the Berean Standard Bible (BSB), the King James Version (KJV), the World English Bible (WEB), the Bible in Basic English (BBE), and the American Standard Version (ASV). Search covers three of them: Berean Standard, King James, and World English. Basic English and American Standard readers search the King James words.
Historical context
These cases assume the purchase and sale of people and unequal legal status. Calling the arrangement ordinary employment would conceal the ownership language, family separation and differing injury provisions in the text. The six-year release rule specifically concerns the purchased Hebrew servant; the daughter sold as a maidservant is expressly treated differently. In the pregnancy case, King James speaks of her 'fruit' departing and subsequent 'mischief,' while Bible in Basic English specifies loss of the child and further harm to the woman. This guide leaves the outcome and scope of harm unresolved rather than using the passage to settle a modern dispute. The named payments and penalties are described as this chapter's judgments, not present-day legal advice.
Cited passages: Exodus 21:2, Exodus 21:3, Exodus 21:4, Exodus 21:5, Exodus 21:6, Exodus 21:7, Exodus 21:8, Exodus 21:9, Exodus 21:10, Exodus 21:11, Exodus 21:16, Exodus 21:20, Exodus 21:21, Exodus 21:22, Exodus 21:23, Exodus 21:24, Exodus 21:25, Exodus 21:26, Exodus 21:27, Exodus 21:29, Exodus 21:30, Exodus 21:32, Exodus 21:33, Exodus 21:34, Exodus 21:35, Exodus 21:36
Literary context
Repeated conditional cases turn broad concerns about life and property into distinctions between circumstances. The text differentiates a killing without lying in wait from a deliberate attack, a fatal goring with no stated prior warning from a known danger left unrestrained, and an accidental livestock loss from one involving prior knowledge. Those distinctions coexist with unequal treatment of enslaved people: some injuries require release, while other provisions explicitly treat a person as the master's money. The sequence moves from household status through bodily harm to damage involving animals and pits. Reading those cases together keeps both the limits on harm and the inequalities visible.
Cited passages: Exodus 21:2, Exodus 21:4, Exodus 21:7, Exodus 21:12, Exodus 21:13, Exodus 21:14, Exodus 21:18, Exodus 21:19, Exodus 21:20, Exodus 21:21, Exodus 21:22, Exodus 21:23, Exodus 21:24, Exodus 21:25, Exodus 21:26, Exodus 21:27, Exodus 21:28, Exodus 21:29, Exodus 21:30, Exodus 21:31, Exodus 21:32, Exodus 21:33, Exodus 21:34, Exodus 21:35, Exodus 21:36
Key moments
- A release term is specified (Exodus 21:2). The purchased Hebrew servant is to go free without payment in the seventh year.
- A supplied wife and children remain (Exodus 21:4). The rule states that a wife given by the master and her children remain his when the man leaves.
- Destruction of an eye requires release (Exodus 21:26). A master who destroys the eye of an enslaved man or woman must release that person.
- Known danger changes the owner’s liability (Exodus 21:29). An owner who leaves a known goring ox unrestrained faces a death penalty when it kills; the following verse addresses a possible ransom.
For reflection
Which differences in responsibility and legal status become visible when you read the cases beside one another?