The Prophets · Old Testament
Daniel 11
Daniel 11: kings of the north and the south, and a king who exalts himself
General context
The speaker from chapter 10 continues, saying he strengthened Darius the Mede in his first year and will now show the truth. Three more kings will stand in Persia and a fourth, richer, will stir up all against Grecia. A mighty king will rule as he will, but his kingdom will be broken and divided to the four winds, not to his posterity. A long sequence of a king of the south and a king of the north follows: the south grows strong; a daughter of the south is given to the north in an agreement that fails; one from her roots invades the north and carries gods and vessels into Egypt; the south wins a battle but is not strengthened; the north returns with a greater army, stands in the glorious land, turns to the isles, and falls. A raiser of taxes follows and is destroyed within days. A vile person obtains the kingdom by flatteries, works deceitfully, wars with the south, speaks lies at one table, sets his heart against the holy covenant, is turned back by the ships of Chittim, and has arms pollute the sanctuary, take away the daily sacrifice and place the abomination that makes desolate. The people who know their God are strong; those who understand instruct many and fall by sword, flame, captivity and spoil. The king exalts himself above every god and honours a god of forces. At the time of the end the south pushes at him, the north comes like a whirlwind into the glorious land and Egypt, while Edom, Moab and the chief of Ammon escape; troubled by tidings from the east and north, he plants his palace tents in the glorious holy mountain and comes to his end with none to help.
Cited passages: Daniel 11:1, Daniel 11:2, Daniel 11:3, Daniel 11:4, Daniel 11:5, Daniel 11:6, Daniel 11:8, Daniel 11:12, Daniel 11:13, Daniel 11:16, Daniel 11:19, Daniel 11:20, Daniel 11:21, Daniel 11:27, Daniel 11:30, Daniel 11:31, Daniel 11:32, Daniel 11:33, Daniel 11:36, Daniel 11:38, Daniel 11:40, Daniel 11:41, Daniel 11:44, Daniel 11:45
Daniel 11 (KJV)
1Also I in the first year of Darius the Mede, even I, stood to confirm and to strengthen him.
2And now will I shew thee the truth. Behold, there shall stand up yet three kings in Persia; and the fourth shall be far richer than they all: and by his strength through his riches he shall stir up all against the realm of Grecia.
3And a mighty king shall stand up, that shall rule with great dominion, and do according to his will.
4And when he shall stand up, his kingdom shall be broken, and shall be divided toward the four winds of heaven; and not to his posterity, nor according to his dominion which he ruled: for his kingdom shall be plucked up, even for others beside those.
5And the king of the south shall be strong, and one of his princes; and he shall be strong above him, and have dominion; his dominion shall be a great dominion.
6And in the end of years they shall join themselves together; for the king’s daughter of the south shall come to the king of the north to make an agreement: but she shall not retain the power of the arm; neither shall he stand, nor his arm: but she shall be given up, and they that brought her, and he that begat her, and he that strengthened her in these times.
7But out of a branch of her roots shall one stand up in his estate, which shall come with an army, and shall enter into the fortress of the king of the north, and shall deal against them, and shall prevail:
8And shall also carry captives into Egypt their gods, with their princes, and with their precious vessels of silver and of gold; and he shall continue more years than the king of the north.
9So the king of the south shall come into his kingdom, and shall return into his own land.
10But his sons shall be stirred up, and shall assemble a multitude of great forces: and one shall certainly come, and overflow, and pass through: then shall he return, and be stirred up, even to his fortress.
11And the king of the south shall be moved with choler, and shall come forth and fight with him, even with the king of the north: and he shall set forth a great multitude; but the multitude shall be given into his hand.
12And when he hath taken away the multitude, his heart shall be lifted up; and he shall cast down many ten thousands: but he shall not be strengthened by it.
13For the king of the north shall return, and shall set forth a multitude greater than the former, and shall certainly come after certain years with a great army and with much riches.
14And in those times there shall many stand up against the king of the south: also the robbers of thy people shall exalt themselves to establish the vision; but they shall fall.
15So the king of the north shall come, and cast up a mount, and take the most fenced cities: and the arms of the south shall not withstand, neither his chosen people, neither shall there be any strength to withstand.
16But he that cometh against him shall do according to his own will, and none shall stand before him: and he shall stand in the glorious land, which by his hand shall be consumed.
17He shall also set his face to enter with the strength of his whole kingdom, and upright ones with him; thus shall he do: and he shall give him the daughter of women, corrupting her: but she shall not stand on his side, neither be for him.
18After this shall he turn his face unto the isles, and shall take many: but a prince for his own behalf shall cause the reproach offered by him to cease; without his own reproach he shall cause it to turn upon him.
19Then he shall turn his face toward the fort of his own land: but he shall stumble and fall, and not be found.
20Then shall stand up in his estate a raiser of taxes in the glory of the kingdom: but within few days he shall be destroyed, neither in anger, nor in battle.
21And in his estate shall stand up a vile person, to whom they shall not give the honour of the kingdom: but he shall come in peaceably, and obtain the kingdom by flatteries.
22And with the arms of a flood shall they be overflown from before him, and shall be broken; yea, also the prince of the covenant.
23And after the league made with him he shall work deceitfully: for he shall come up, and shall become strong with a small people.
24He shall enter peaceably even upon the fattest places of the province; and he shall do that which his fathers have not done, nor his fathers’ fathers; he shall scatter among them the prey, and spoil, and riches: yea, and he shall forecast his devices against the strong holds, even for a time.
25And he shall stir up his power and his courage against the king of the south with a great army; and the king of the south shall be stirred up to battle with a very great and mighty army; but he shall not stand: for they shall forecast devices against him.
26Yea, they that feed of the portion of his meat shall destroy him, and his army shall overflow: and many shall fall down slain.
27And both these kings’ hearts shall be to do mischief, and they shall speak lies at one table; but it shall not prosper: for yet the end shall be at the time appointed.
28Then shall he return into his land with great riches; and his heart shall be against the holy covenant; and he shall do exploits, and return to his own land.
29At the time appointed he shall return, and come toward the south; but it shall not be as the former, or as the latter.
30For the ships of Chittim shall come against him: therefore he shall be grieved, and return, and have indignation against the holy covenant: so shall he do; he shall even return, and have intelligence with them that forsake the holy covenant.
31And arms shall stand on his part, and they shall pollute the sanctuary of strength, and shall take away the daily sacrifice, and they shall place the abomination that maketh desolate.
32And such as do wickedly against the covenant shall he corrupt by flatteries: but the people that do know their God shall be strong, and do exploits.
33And they that understand among the people shall instruct many: yet they shall fall by the sword, and by flame, by captivity, and by spoil, many days.
34Now when they shall fall, they shall be holpen with a little help: but many shall cleave to them with flatteries.
35And some of them of understanding shall fall, to try them, and to purge, and to make them white, even to the time of the end: because it is yet for a time appointed.
36And the king shall do according to his will; and he shall exalt himself, and magnify himself above every god, and shall speak marvellous things against the God of gods, and shall prosper till the indignation be accomplished: for that that is determined shall be done.
37Neither shall he regard the God of his fathers, nor the desire of women, nor regard any god: for he shall magnify himself above all.
38But in his estate shall he honour the God of forces: and a god whom his fathers knew not shall he honour with gold, and silver, and with precious stones, and pleasant things.
39Thus shall he do in the most strong holds with a strange god, whom he shall acknowledge and increase with glory: and he shall cause them to rule over many, and shall divide the land for gain.
40And at the time of the end shall the king of the south push at him: and the king of the north shall come against him like a whirlwind, with chariots, and with horsemen, and with many ships; and he shall enter into the countries, and shall overflow and pass over.
41He shall enter also into the glorious land, and many countries shall be overthrown: but these shall escape out of his hand, even Edom, and Moab, and the chief of the children of Ammon.
42He shall stretch forth his hand also upon the countries: and the land of Egypt shall not escape.
43But he shall have power over the treasures of gold and of silver, and over all the precious things of Egypt: and the Libyans and the Ethiopians shall be at his steps.
44But tidings out of the east and out of the north shall trouble him: therefore he shall go forth with great fury to destroy, and utterly to make away many.
45And he shall plant the tabernacles of his palace between the seas in the glorious holy mountain; yet he shall come to his end, and none shall help him.
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Historical context
The chapter is entirely speech by the unnamed figure of chapter 10, framed as what is noted in the scripture of truth. The only names it gives are Persia, Grecia, Egypt, Chittim, Edom, Moab, Ammon, the Libyans and the Ethiopians, plus Darius the Mede in the first verse; every king is unnamed and identified only as king of the south or king of the north, or by a description such as a mighty king, a raiser of taxes, or a vile person. The text does not say which lands are north and south, though Egypt is named as the place where the southern side carries its captives and, at the end, as a land the northern king enters. The glorious land, the holy covenant and the sanctuary of strength are not further defined. The daily sacrifice taken away and the abomination that maketh desolate repeat the language of chapter 8 and recur in chapter 12. The passage marks a break at verse 36 by dropping the north-south pairing and speaking of the king alone, and at verse 40 by the phrase the time of the end. Whether one king or several is meant across verses 21 to 45 is not stated. This guide follows the text's own naming and goes no further.
Cited passages: Daniel 11:2, Daniel 11:1, Daniel 11:9, Daniel 11:8, Daniel 11:28, Daniel 11:31, Daniel 11:36, Daniel 11:40, Daniel 11:42, Daniel 11:43, Daniel 8:11, Daniel 12:11
Literary context
The chapter is a chain of verbs of standing up and falling: kings stand up, do according to their will, are broken, stumble, are destroyed. The phrase do according to his will is applied to the mighty king, to the one who comes against the south and to the final king, linking the three. The narrative alternates between north and south like a pendulum, each swing larger than the last, with multitudes greater than the former, until the pairing gives way to a single king who exalts himself above every god. Deceit is a recurring note: flatteries, a league worked deceitfully, lies at one table, and those who forsake the covenant are corrupted by flatteries while those who know their God do exploits. The sequence about the wise who fall to be purged and made white sets a small community inside the wars of kings, and chapter 12 returns to them. The last verse's none shall help him answers the earlier none shall stand before him. The appointed time is named three times in the middle of the chapter before the end arrives.
Cited passages: Daniel 11:3, Daniel 11:16, Daniel 11:36, Daniel 11:13, Daniel 11:23, Daniel 11:32, Daniel 11:35, Daniel 11:45, Daniel 11:27, Daniel 11:29
Key moments
- Four kings in Persia (Daniel 11:2). The speaker foretells three more Persian kings and a rich fourth who stirs up Grecia.
- A mighty king's kingdom divided (Daniel 11:4). The mighty king's realm is broken to the four winds, not to his heirs.
- North and south at war (Daniel 11:11). The king of the south fights the north and takes a multitude.
- A vile person by flatteries (Daniel 11:21). One not given the kingdom's honour gains it peaceably by flatteries.
- The abomination that maketh desolate (Daniel 11:31). Arms pollute the sanctuary and take away the daily sacrifice.
- The wise fall and are purged (Daniel 11:35). Some of understanding fall to be tried and made white until the end.
- He comes to his end (Daniel 11:45). The king camps at the glorious holy mountain and ends with no one to help.
For reflection
Amid a long account of kings and armies, the text says the people who know their God will be strong and those who understand will instruct many, yet also fall. What does the chapter ask a reader to make of faithfulness that does not prevent falling?
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